Measuring the Resistance of Actinidia Chinensis to Armoured Scale Insects

Hill, M. G.; Mauchline, N. A.; Cheng, Canhong; Connolly, P.G.

doi:10.17660/actahortic.2007.753.90

Cited by 12 publications

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“…Both species are highly polyphagous, having been recorded feeding on hundreds of different host genera from scores of plant families , and yet they respond quite differently when feeding on different genotypes of A. chinensis. The reasons for this are unknown, but are likely to be genetically based (Hill et al 2007). Future research will focus on refining the prototype bioassay and using it as an aid to understand the basis for resistance of kiwifruit germplasm to armoured scale insects, and in the development of future kiwifruit cultivars with enhanced levels of resistance to armoured scale.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Cheng et al 2004). The vines were selected on the basis of observed scale insect infestation recorded on fruit at harvest in 2003 (Hill et al 2007), to provide a range of suspected susceptibility to scale insects, and thereby to provide a suitable test of the methodology. Vines of the two commercial cultivars (A. chinensis 'Hort16A' and A. deliciosa 'Hayward') from a different kiwifruit block were used as standards.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number of adult H. lataniae and adult H. rapax had been recorded on fruit from 18 of the 20 experimental vines at harvest in May 2003 (Hill et al 2007). Only adults of these two scale insect species can be determined to species using morphological characters, although a DNA probe has been developed since this work was done (Edwards et al 2008).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Preliminary field studies on 25 experimental families of A. chinensis showed large differences in the level of armoured scale insect infestation on leaves and fruit that was shown to be heritable. The levels of H. lataniae varied independently of H. rapax, and H. lataniae densities were the main determinant of total armoured scale insect infestation levels (Hill et al 2007).…”

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confidence: 95%

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Measuring resistance to armoured scale insects in kiwifruit (Actinidia) germplasm

Hill

Mauchline

Connolly

et al. 2010

New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science

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A laboratory bioassay is described for measuring the resistance of kiwifruit vines to armoured scale insects (Hemiberlesia lataniae Signoret and Hemiberlesia rapax Comstock) using excised canes. The method measures the area of the scale cap using a template and compares relative cap sizes between genotypes. The method was tested for two species of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa [A. Chev.] C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson and Actinidia chinensis Planch.) using a range of experimental genotypes and two commercial varieties. Large differences in the susceptibility of the genotypes to H. lataniae were observed, but much smaller differences were observed for H. rapax. The bioassay method was tested by comparing results obtained with observations of armoured scale insects on kiwifruit vines in the field. Sampling of simulated scale populations showed that differences in population mean scale cap areas of 0.3Á0.5 mm 2 could be detected with sample sizes of 50Á200. A bioassay of H. lataniae growth on an experimental genotype, comparing it with the commercial kiwifruit cultivars 'Hayward' and 'Hort16A' and using a template to categorize scale cap size into 0.2 mm 2 size categories, showed that the technique was quick, reliable and able to discriminate between kiwifruit varieties. This method could be easily adapted to test the susceptibility of germplasm from a variety of different horticultural plants to a wide range of armoured scale insect pests.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 95%

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Measuring resistance to armoured scale insects in kiwifruit (Actinidia) germplasm

Hill

Mauchline

Connolly

et al. 2010

New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science

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“…Fergusson], in which we were investigating host-plant resistance. Bark of the variety A. deliciosa "Hayward" is susceptible to H. lataniae, whereas the bark of A. chinensis "Hort16A" is completely resistant (Hill et al, 2007. A third variety, A. chinensis "Hort22D", showed partial resistance, supporting the growth of H. lataniae but resulting in adult insects that were estimated to be one-fifth of the size of mature H. lataniae grown on A. deliciosa "Hayward" (Hill et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diaspidid (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) size plasticity as an adaptive life history trait

Hill¹,

Henderson²,

Mauchline³

2011

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Abstract. The size and fecundity of Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on partially resistant and susceptible kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) varieties was measured. The size ratio of mature H. lataniae grown on a partially resistant genotype, compared with those on a susceptible genotype, was 0.67-0.51 for 2 nd instar exuviae area, 0.32 for adult body area and 0.18 for estimated body volume. The fertility ratio was 0.1, but the pre-oviposition period and the size of the crawlers were the same. Diaspidid scale insects' unusual ability to continue growing after the final moult appears to be a key feature allowing these insects to show extreme size plasticity while retaining the ability to reproduce even when very small. These observations challenge current theories of insect development that postulate the need to achieve a critical weight threshold before the final moult. We suggest that this strategy may have assisted the evolution of polyphagy within the Diaspididae.

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Kiwifruit

Ferguson

Seal

Temperate Fruit Crop Breeding

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Kiwifruit are still a relatively minor crop making up perhaps 0.2% of total world annual production of fruit. The kiwifruit of commerce are large-fruited selections of two closely related species Actinidia chinensis and A. deliciosa. Most current kiwifruit cultivars are selections from the wild or from seedling populations and only a few result from planned hybridizations. The main emphasis in the breeding programs underway is on fruit novelty, flavor, size, time of harvest, flesh color, length of storage life, environmental adaptation and vine productivity. Until recently, nearly all the kiwifruit grown commercially outside China were of one green-fruited cultivar of A. deliciosa; now yellow-fleshed, sweeter flavored kiwifruit are becoming important in international trade. To take advantage of the considerable diversity within the genus requires good germplasm resources and a better knowledge of the reproductive biology of kiwifruit. The main constraints to breeding include dioecy, the long generation time and the complexity of some key traits as well as the need for support structures, the exuberant vegetative growth and the need to control growth to ensure fruiting. Many of the traits associated with fruit quality are quantitatively inherited. Use of molecular biological and biotechnological techniques should facilitate improvement programs.

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Measuring the Resistance of Actinidia Chinensis to Armoured Scale Insects

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Measuring resistance to armoured scale insects in kiwifruit (Actinidia) germplasm

Measuring resistance to armoured scale insects in kiwifruit (Actinidia) germplasm

Diaspidid (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) size plasticity as an adaptive life history trait

Kiwifruit

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