Measuring Social Stereotypes With the Photo Projective Method

Abstract

This study aimed to measure social stereotypes with the Photo Projective Method (PPM) developed by Noda (1988). PPM is a new technique based on a projective method to capture perceived environments by photographs. Ten university students were provided with cameras and requested to take three pictures of “something representative of our university” and three pictures of “something not representative of our university.” The results showed that stereotypes were measured on a microlevel and macrolevel by PPM. Also PPM allowed participants greater freedom in response production, therefore eliciting far more elaborate responses than language-based methodologies. The possibilities and advantages of PPM for measuring social identity, social representation, and other areas of social cognition are discussed.

Visual research in LIS: Complementary and alternative methods

“…Wang and Redwood-Jones (2001) note that the participants' "familiarity with their surroundings gives community members a distinct advantage over professionals in their ability to move through the community, [and to] portray its strengths and concerns" visually. The purpose is to assess a community from the perspective of members; to communicate participant views to policy makers (Wang & Redwood-Jones, 2001); the photo-projective method attempts to "understand the individual's internal mental world" based on their reflection and relationship with the external context illustrated in their photographs (Okamoto et al, 2006); to highlight and neutralize power and agency imbalances in research and policy (Wang & Burris, 1997). …”

The Unknown World of My Stuffed Animal: Effects of the Presentation of Social Networks in Virtual Space on the Social Presence of Stuffed Animals

“…On the other hand, it is known that subconscious discriminations, measured through implicit behavioral tendencies towards specific targets, exist independently of conscious reports. The photo projective method used in the present study and the implicit association test (IAT) used in social psychology are considered to be powerful tools for measuring unconscious attitudes towards objects (Mahidin & Maulan, 2012;Matsui, 2020;McConnell & Leibold, 2001;Okamoto et al, 2006). For example, a previous study reported that IAT can assess individual differences in implicitly measured selfconcepts of personality that are not accessible through traditional explicit self-ratings (Asendorpf et al, 2002).…”

“…In addition to the owner's impression evaluation, the agent's social presence was measured by a measurement similar to the "photo projective method" (Mahidin & Maulan, 2012;Matsui, 2020;Okamoto et al, 2006), which was expected to reflect the owner's subconscious toward the agent from photographs taken by the agent's (stuffed animal's) owner. By measuring the influence of the existence of a virtual social network on the social presence of stuffed animals from multiple perspectives, we aimed to investigate whether the proposed method can increase social presence towards the agent at an unconscious level.…”

A preliminary study: designing and validating projective images of Young’s early maladaptive schema (EMS) domains

“…Serfass and Sherman [ 50 ] analyzed the TAT situation perception, the results of which supported a two-component view including an objective component that could be attributed to perception conditions and a subjective component that could be attributed to the subject. Okamoto et al [ 36 ] employed the projective PPM images to measure stereotypes and described the results as acceptable and objective. Leite et al [ 31 ] assessed the pictorial test of cognitive profiles (TPPC) and proved the results reliable.…”