Measuring individual and cultural differences in implicit trait theories.

Church, A. Timothy; Ortiz, Fernando A.; Katigbak, Marcia S.; Avdeyeva, Tatyana V.; Emerson, Alice M.; Flores, José de Jesús Vargas; Reyes, Joselina Ibáñez

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.332

Cited by 56 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The Mexican and Venezuelan samples averaged higher than the Americans and Australians in independent self-construals, which is inconsistent with the traditional view of Mexico and Venezuela as collectivistic, but consistent with previous findings in Mexican samples (Church et al, 2003(Church et al, , 2006Morling & Lamoreaux, 2008;Schwartz, 2002). Also consistent with other studies, the Japanese averaged low on both independent and interdependent self-construals (Kim, Hunter, Miyahara, Horvath, Bresnahan, & Yoon, 1996;Kobayashi, Kerbo, & Sharp, 2010).…”

Section: Overview Of the Present Studysupporting

confidence: 74%

Need Satisfaction and Well-Being: Testing Self-Determination Theory in Eight Cultures

Church¹,

Katigbak²,

Locke³

et al. 2012

PsycEXTRA Dataset

Self Cite

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106

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According to Self-Determination Theory (SDT), satisfaction of needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness is a universal requirement for psychological well-being. We tested this hypothesis with college students in the United States, Australia, Mexico, Venezuela, the Philippines, Malaysia, China, and Japan. Participants rated the extent to which these needs, plus needs for self-actualization and pleasure-stimulation, were satisfied in various roles and reported their general hedonic (i.e., positive and negative affect) and eudaimonic (e.g., meaning in life, personal growth) well-being. Asian participants averaged lower than non-Asian participants in perceived satisfaction of autonomy, competence, and self-actualization needs and in most aspects of eudaimonic well-being and these differences were partially accounted for by differences in dialecticism and independent self-construals. Nonetheless, perceived need satisfaction predicted overall well-being to a similar degree in all cultures and in most cultures provided incremental prediction beyond the Big Five traits. Perceived imbalance in the satisfaction of different needs also modestly predicted well-being, particularly negative affect. The study extended support for the universal importance of SDT need satisfaction to several new cultures.NEED SATISFACTION AND WELL-BEING 5 Self-Determination Theory (SDT) proposes that certain evolved psychological needs must be satisfied if individuals are to develop to their fullest potential, in the same way that plants require key nutrients to thrive (Deci & Ryan, 1985Ryan, 1995;. SDT posits three universal needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Autonomy involves the need to experience one's behavior as freely chosen and volitional, rather than imposed by external forces. Competence involves the need to feel capable and effective in one's actions. Relatedness involves the need for belonging, intimacy, and connectedness to others.SDT theorists view these needs as broad motivational tendencies that operate across life domains and contend that satisfaction of all three needs, not just one or two, is essential for well-being.Although the expression or means of satisfying these needs may vary across cultures, their satisfaction is viewed as essential for well-being in all cultures.In contrast, some critics of SDT have questioned whether these needs are cultural universals. In particular, several scholars have argued that autonomy is more valued or normative in individualistic or Western cultures (Cross & Markus, 1999;Iyengar & Lepper, 1999;Miller, 1997). However, as noted by Chirkov and Ryan (2001), the existence of cultural differences in the strength of autonomy values does not preclude similarities in the functional impact of autonomy-supportive versus controlling environments. Furthermore, SDT theorists counter that critics tend to confuse autonomy as defined by SDT with independence or individualism (Chirkov, Ryan, Kim, & Kaplan, 2003). For example, behaving in accordance with group norms might be internal...

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Section: Overview Of the Present Studysupporting

confidence: 74%

Need Satisfaction and Well-Being: Testing Self-Determination Theory in Eight Cultures

Church¹,

Katigbak²,

Locke³

et al. 2012

PsycEXTRA Dataset

Self Cite

136

106

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…As we have argued, what may be more distinctive is the tendency of members of individualist cultures to espouse a de-contextualized concept of the person (Shweder & Bourne, 1984). Church et al (2003) defined contextual theories as the reverse of dispositionism-that is, that traits are unimportant. However, the widespread endorsement of dispositionism arguably makes this conceptualization problematic.…”

Section: Beliefs Across Culturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Beliefs about the importance of traits have also been investigated by Church et al (2003), who contrast implicit trait beliefs with what they call implicit contextual beliefs. These beliefs refer to the stability, consistency, and predictability of traits, and to the possibility of inferring traits from behavior.…”

Section: Beliefs Across Culturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contextualism as an Important Facet of Individualism-Collectivism

Owe

Vignoles

Becker

et al. 2012

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

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Beliefs about personhood are understood to be a defining feature of individualism-collectivism (I-C), but they have been insufficiently explored, given the emphasis of research on values and self-construals. We propose the construct of contextualism, referring to beliefs about the importance of context in understanding people, as a facet of cultural collectivism. A brief measure was developed and refined across 19 nations (Study 1: N = 5,241), showing good psychometric properties for cross-cultural use and correlating well at the nation level with other supposed facets and indicators of I-C. In Study 2 (N = 8,652), nation-level contextualism predicted ingroup favoritism, corruption, and differential trust of ingroup and outgroup members, while controlling for other facets of I-C, across 35 nations. We conclude that contextualism is an important part of cultural collectivism. This highlights the importance of beliefs alongside values and selfrepresentations and contributes to a wider understanding of cultural processes.

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“…This, however, tends to vary from a culture to another (Church, Ortiz, Katigbak, Avdeyeva, Emerson, Vargas, and Ibanez 2003;Doris 2002). Independence and interdependence or individualism and collectivism are supposed to influence the structure of these types of beliefs and claims:…”

Section: The Role Of Character Traits and Situations In Commonsense Umentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit Theories of Morality, Personality, and Contextual Factors in Moral Appraisal

Hojbotă¹

2014

Symposion

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This article explores the implicit theories of morality, or the conceptions regarding the patterns of stability, continuity and change in moral dispositions, both in lay and academic discourses. The controversies surrounding these conceptions and the fragmentation of the models and perspectives in metaethics and moral psychology endangers the pursuit of adequate operationalizations of morally relevant constructs. The current debate between situationists, who deny that character is an useful concept for understanding human behavior, which is better explained by contextual factors (Doris 1998; Harman 1998) and dispositionists, who advocate the crosssituational stability of traits, is also present in the lay discourse, through the existence of competing commonsense ontological assumptions regarding the mutability or alterability of moral features, namely the implicit theories perspective (Chiu, Dweck, Tong, and Fu 1997). These personal theories are the primary suspects in the affective and cognitive reactions to transgressions: the type of attended information in formulating evaluative judgments, the calibration of moral responsibility and blameworthiness, the assignment of retribution or reparatory recommendations to transgressors. In the second part of the study we attempt to advance toward a more fine-grained inspection of these lay beliefs, arguing that the construct of implicit theories of morality, as it is currently treated and measured, tends to be restrictive and oversimplifying.

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Measuring individual and cultural differences in implicit trait theories.

Cited by 56 publications

References 31 publications

Need Satisfaction and Well-Being: Testing Self-Determination Theory in Eight Cultures

Need Satisfaction and Well-Being: Testing Self-Determination Theory in Eight Cultures

Contextualism as an Important Facet of Individualism-Collectivism

Implicit Theories of Morality, Personality, and Contextual Factors in Moral Appraisal

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