Measuring facial symmetry: a perception-based approach using 3D shape and color

Berssenbrügge, Philipp; Lingemann-Koch, Maren; Abeler, Amalia; Runte, Christoph; Jung, Susanne; Kleinheinz, Johannes; Denz, Cornélia; Dirksen, Dieter

doi:10.1515/bmt-2014-0024

“…The result of the WPA-calculated SRP was closer to the SRP of the ground truth plane than the PA-calculated SRP. 4. Discussion 4.1 The WPA SRP was more closely aligned with the ground truth plane than the standard PA SRP The weighted algorithm is an important innovation of this study.…”

Section: Analysis Of Fai Errormentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Mandibular deviation is one of the more common manifestations of facial asymmetry, accounting for 70 % -80 % of all cases [1][2][3]. The restoration of symmetrical, coordinated, and aesthetic facial shapes is a central focus of oral and maxillofacial surgery, orthodontics and prosthodontics [4][5][6]. Using threedimensional digital technology, the extraction of the symmetry reference plane (SRP) is the primary step during symmetry analysis of three-dimensional facial data [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel method for 3D face symmetry reference plane based on weighted Procrustes analysis algorithm

Zhu

¹

,

Zheng

²

,

Yang

³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: We aimed to establish a novel method, using the weighted Procrustes analysis (WPA) algorithm, which assigns weight to facial anatomical landmarks, to construct a three-dimensional facial symmetry reference plane (SRP) for mandibular deviation patients.Methods: Three-dimensional facial SRPs were independently extracted from 15 mandibular deviation patients using both our WPA algorithm and the standard PA algorithm. A reference plane was defined to serve as the ground truth. To determine whether the WPA SRP or the PA SRP was closer to the ground truth, we measured the position error of mirrored landmarks, the facial asymmetry index (FAI) error, and the angle error for the global face and each facial third partition.Results: The average angle error between the WPA SRP and the ground truth was 1.66 ± 0.81°, which was smaller than that between the PA SRP and the ground truth. The position error of the mirrored landmarks constructed using the WPA algorithm in the global face (3.64 ± 1.53 mm) and each facial partition was lower than that constructed using the PA algorithm. The average FAI error of the WPA SRP was -7.77 ± 17.02 mm, which was smaller than that of the PA SRP.Conclusions: This novel automatic algorithm, based on weighted anatomic landmarks, can provide a more adaptable SRP than the standard PA algorithm when applied to severe mandibular deviation patients and can better simulate the diagnosis strategies of clinical experts.

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“…Compared with the PA algorithm without weight distribution, the position error of the WPA in each region was optimised, and an ideal SRP construction result was obtained. 4.3 Limitations and further research to improve the threedimensional facial SRP Previous research on the original-mirror alignment method is mainly divided with regard to the use of the ICP and PA algorithms. Among them, ICP is an algorithm that does not refer to anatomical landmarks.…”

Section: A New Srp Evaluation Indicator: the Position Error Of Mirrormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Facial asymmetry is characterised by multiple features and forms, of which mandibular deviation is one of the more common manifestations, accounting for 70%-80% of all facial asymmetry cases [1][2][3]. The restoration of symmetrical, coordinated, and aesthetic facial shapes is a central goal of oral and maxillofacial surgery, orthodontics and prosthodontics [4][5][6]. With the widespread application of threedimensional digital technology, the extraction of the symmetry reference plane (SRP) is the primary step in the symmetry analysis of three-dimensional facial data [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel method for 3D face symmetry reference plane based on Weighted Procrustes Analysis algorithm

Zhu

¹

,

Zheng

²

,

Yang

³

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background We aimed to establish a novel method based on Weighted Procrustes Analysis (WPA) algorithm that assigns weight to facial anatomical landmarks to automatically construct a three-dimensional facial Symmetry Reference Plane (SRP) for mandibular deviation patients. Methods Three-dimensional facial SRPs were extracted independently from 15 mandibular deviation patients, using both our WPA algorithm and the standard PA algorithm. A reference plane defined from professional experience served as the ground truth. To test whether the WPA SRP or the PA SRP was closer to the ground truth, we measured the position error of mirrored landmarks, the facial asymmetry index (FAI) error, and the angle error for the global face and for each facial third partitions. Results The average angle error between the WPA SRP and the ground truth was 1.66 ± 0.81°, which was smaller than that between the PA SRP and the ground truth. The position error of mirrored landmarks constructed using the WPA algorithm in the global face (3.64 ± 1.53 mm) and each facial partition was lower than the error of those constructed using the PA algorithm. The average FAI error of the WPA SRP was − 7.77 ± 17.02 mm, which was smaller than that of the PA SRP. Conclusions This novel automatic algorithm based on weighted anatomic landmarks provided a more adaptable SRP than the standard PA algorithm when applied to severe mandibular deviation patients and better simulated the diagnosis strategy of clinical experts.

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“…Mandibular deviation is one of the more common manifestations of facial asymmetry, accounting for 70 % -80 % of all cases [1][2][3]. The restoration of symmetrical, coordinated, and aesthetic facial shapes is a central focus of oral and maxillofacial surgery, orthodontics and prosthodontics [4][5][6]. Using threedimensional digital technology, the extraction of the symmetry reference plane (SRP) is the primary step during symmetry analysis of three-dimensional facial data [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel method for 3D face symmetry reference plane based on weighted Procrustes analysis algorithm

Zhu

¹

,

Zheng

²

,

Yang

³

et al. 2020

Preprint

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: We aimed to establish a novel method, using the weighted Procrustes analysis (WPA) algorithm, which assigns weight to facial anatomical landmarks, to construct a three-dimensional facial symmetry reference plane (SRP) for mandibular deviation patients.Methods: Three-dimensional facial SRPs were independently extracted from 15 mandibular deviation patients using both our WPA algorithm and the standard PA algorithm. A reference plane was defined to serve as the ground truth. To determine whether the WPA SRP or the PA SRP was closer to the ground truth, we measured the position error of mirrored landmarks, the facial asymmetry index (FAI) error, and the angle error for the global face and each facial third partition.Results: The average angle error between the WPA SRP and the ground truth was 1.66 ± 0.81°, which was smaller than that between the PA SRP and the ground truth. The position error of the mirrored landmarks constructed using the WPA algorithm in the global face (3.64 ± 1.53 mm) and each facial partition was lower than that constructed using the PA algorithm. The average FAI error of the WPA SRP was -7.77 ± 17.02 mm, which was smaller than that of the PA SRP.Conclusions: This novel automatic algorithm, based on weighted anatomic landmarks, can provide a more adaptable SRP than the standard PA algorithm when applied to severe mandibular deviation patients and can better simulate the diagnosis strategies of clinical experts.

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Measuring facial symmetry: a perception-based approach using 3D shape and color

Cited by 15 publications

References 23 publications

A novel method for 3D face symmetry reference plane based on weighted Procrustes analysis algorithm

A novel method for 3D face symmetry reference plane based on weighted Procrustes analysis algorithm

A novel method for 3D face symmetry reference plane based on Weighted Procrustes Analysis algorithm

A novel method for 3D face symmetry reference plane based on weighted Procrustes analysis algorithm

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