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The measurement of the vessel pattern in fingers is a superior method for identifying individuals owing to its convenience and the security it offers. We introduce in this paper a new perspective to accomplish finger vein recognition. This method, which regards deformations as discriminative information, is distinct from existing methods that attempt to prevent the influence of deformations. The proposed technique is based on the observation that regular deformation, which corresponds to a posture change, can only exist in genuine vein patterns. In terms of methodology, we incorporate optimized matching to generate pixelbased 2D displacements that correspond to deformations. The texture of uniformity extracted from the displacement fields is taken as the final matching score. Evaluated on two publicly available databases, PolyU and SDU-MLA, extensive experiments demonstrated that the discriminability of the new feature derived from deformations is preferable. The equal error rate (EER) achieved is the lowest compared to that of state-of-the-art techniques.

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A study on correlation between structure and resistivity variations was performed for live adult human skull. The resistivities of 388 skull samples, excised from 48 skull flaps of patients undergoing surgery, were measured at body temperature (36.5 degrees C) using the well-known four-electrode method in the frequency range of 1-4 MHz. According to different structures of the skull samples, all the 388 samples were classified into six categories and measured their resistivities: standard trilayer skull (7943 +/- 1752 ohm x cm, 58 samples), quasi-trilayer skull (14,471 +/- 3061 ohm x cm, 110 samples), standard compact skull (26,546 +/- 5374 ohm x cm, 62 samples), quasi-compact skull (19,824 +/- 3232 ohm x cm, 53 samples), dentate suture skull (5782 +/- 1778 ohm x cm, 41 samples), and squamous suture skull (12747 +/- 4120 ohm x cm, 64 samples). The results showed that the skull resistivities were not homogenous and were significantly influenced by local structural variations. The presence of sutures appeared to decrease the overall resistivity of particular regions largely and dentate suture decreased the resistivity more than squamous suture. The absence of diploe appeared to increase skull resistivity. The percentage on thickness of diploe would be the primary factor in determining the resistivity of the skull sample without suture. From resistivity spectra results, an inverse relationship between skull resistivity and signal frequency was found.