Measuring depressive symptoms during adolescence: what is the role of gender?

Abstract

Sex differences were found in the functioning of the BDI-II, more relevant at 17 years of age, which may lead to an overestimation of symptoms among girls as well as to lower reported rates of depression among boys. For a higher diagnostic accuracy it is important that the criteria and instruments used to assess depression adequately reflect female and male common symptoms and experiences of depression.

Psychodynamic Features Associated With Orthognathic Surgery: A Comparison Between Conventional Orthognathic Treatment and “Surgery-First” Approach

“…The RSA measures 6 factors covering 4 individual factors (personal strength, planned future, social competence, and structured style) and 2 external factors (family cohesion and social resources). 13 The Italian Validation of the PIDAQ questionnaire consists of 23 items that are divided into 4 subscales, corresponding to the dimensions assessed: 1) selfconfidence for dental appearance, 2) social impact, 3) psychosocial impact, and 4) esthetic concern (14). Self-confidence for the appearance of the teeth consists of 6 elements on a self-confidence scale.…”

“…Responses are summed, yielding scores from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating greater depressive symptoms. 14 The Oral Health Impact Profile questionnaire was initially designed with 49 questions that highlight the frequency with which certain oral events with the potential to compromise the quality of life occur. However, its reduced form with only 14 questions (OHIP-14) has already had its reliability, validity, and accuracy confirmed.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Preoperatively, orthognathic patients often have psychosocial problems [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] so that patients' motivation for the surgical option is usually the hope for improvement of their quality of life. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] However, there is a wide debate about the variation of depressive symptoms, anxiety, and psychosocial well-being after orthognathic surgery. This feature of orthognathic treatment is crucial because the information about the psychosocial effect of orthognathic surgery on patients may allow surgeons to appropriately inform patients regarding their expectations from surgery.…”

“…This feature of orthognathic treatment is crucial because the information about the psychosocial effect of orthognathic surgery on patients may allow surgeons to appropriately inform patients regarding their expectations from surgery. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] ''Traditional'' 3-stage orthognathic treatment made up of preoperative orthodontics, surgery, and postoperative orthodontics remains a well-established and valid protocol nowadays. Nevertheless, some disadvantages of having orthodontic interventions both before and after orthognathic surgery exist, such as long treatment times, an increased risk of enamel decalcification, gingival recession, and root resorption.…”

“…Therefore, as an alternative to traditional treatment, the surgery-first approach was developed to obtain shorter treatment times and an early correction of soft tissue problems (ie, lips, cheeks, and tongue) and, thus, rapid improvements in facial esthetics. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Currently, little and contradictory information is available regarding the impact of the surgery-first approach and traditional approach on patients' psychological status and quality-of-life outcomes. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] Therefore, the aims of this study were to assess the personality traits of orthognathic patients and to investigate and compare the changes related to psychosocial well-being, self-esteem, anxiety, and quality of life between presurgical and postsurgical phases in patients undergoing traditional and surgery-first orthognathic treatments.…”