“…In the past, many kinds of researches had examined the effect of a loyalty program, customer satisfaction, brand association, and customer retention in the automotive industry in the world (Ayed, 2019; Balabanis et al, 2006; Basera, 2014; Gaurav, 2016; Magatef & Tomalieh, 2015). In Malaysia, loyalty-related research also received special attention (Furaida et al, 2018; Kassim, 2006; Manzoor & Shaikh, 2016; Omar et al, 2015; Osman & Sentosa, 2013). There were also numbers of researches conducted related to the effectiveness of customer loyalty program (Ahmad & Buttle, 2002; Hamilton et al, 2017; Komalasari & Budiman, 2018; Stathopoulou & Balabanis, 2016).…”