“…Research studies on misconceptions in chemistry that use Rasch modelling were focusing on diagnosing the changes in students' understanding and learning progress (Hadenfeldt et al, 2013), measuring the content knowledge by pedagogical content knowledge (Davidowitz and Potgieter, 2016), measuring conceptual changes in hydrolysis (Laliyo et al, 2022), measuring scientific investigation competence (Arnold et al, 2018), investigating the item difficulty (Barbera, 2013) and (Park & Liu, 2019), and identifying misconceptions in electrolytes and nonelectrolytes (Lu and Bi, 2016). In particular, research studies on misconceptions in chemistry by (Herrmann-Abell & DeBoer, 2016;Herrmann-Abell & DeBoer, 2011) were able to diagnose the misconception structures and detect problems on the items.…”