Measuring adult indirect aggression: The development and psychometric assessment of the indirect aggression scales

Forrest, Sarah; Eatough, Virginia; Shevlin, Mark

doi:10.1002/ab.20074

Cited by 92 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…Also, such differences could be explained by the influence of the North American research tradition on workplace violence and hostile workplace behaviours, which is defined also by physical behaviours (Keashly & Jagatic, 2003;Neuman & Baron, 2005). In addition to this, the fact that such a phenomenon has received public and scientific attention recently in Central America could facilitate an easier recognition of overt aggression towards employees (Forrest, Eatough, & Shevlin, 2005). This is opposed to covert aggression, which is normally more difficult to recognize, although not necessarily less damaging than other types of abuse.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Workers' perception of workplace bullying: A cross-cultural study

Escartín

Zapf

Arrieta

et al. 2011

European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology

102

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This study is one of the first studies to approach workplace bullying crossculturally. It sought to compare employees' understanding of workplace bullying in two different world regions: Central America and Southern Europe, regarding three aspects of workplace bullying: psychological vs. physical harassment, hierarchical vs. horizontal bullying, and direct vs. indirect aggression. A convenience sample of 246 workers provided their own definition of workplace bullying through a single, open-ended question. The results showed that employees from Central America emphasized the physical component of workplace bullying more than the Southern European employees. However, similarities in the conceptualization of workplace bullying across both cultures were found as well. Both Southern European and Central American employees defined workplace bullying mainly as a hierarchical phenomenon, where the aggression took the form of direct strategies. Such differences and similarities bring to the field some positive inputs for the development and implementation of different strategies for dealing effectively with this phenomenon.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Workers' perception of workplace bullying: A cross-cultural study

Escartín

Zapf

Arrieta

et al. 2011

European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology

102

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The IAS-A (FORREST et al 2005) is a 25-item psychometric tool specifically designed for the self-assessment of indirect aggression among adults. Based on exploratory factor analysis, indirect aggression is divided into three sub-traits: social exclusion (actively excluding someone from social situations/interactions); use of malicious humour (using humour to harm an individual); and, guilt induction (the intentional induction of guilt), which show a high level of internal consistency (Cronbach's alphas ranging from 0.81 to 0.89).…”

Section: The Indirect Aggression Scale -Aggressor Version (Ias-a)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indirect aggression has been associated with heterosexual females, with some claiming that female levels of aggression are the same as males but that it is more often expressed indirectly (CAMPBELL 1995). Indirect aggression includes manipulative behaviours that are aimed at causing harm and, as with direct aggression, is comprised of a number of measurable components (FORREST, EATOUGH and SHEVLIN 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social dominance and sexual orientation

Dickins

Sergeant²

2008

Journal of Evolutionary Psychology

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Abstract. Heterosexual males are reported to display higher levels of physical aggression and lower levels of empathy than homosexual males. A characteristic linked to both aggression and empathy is social dominance orientation (SDO). A significant sex difference has been reported for SDO, with heterosexual males scoring higher than heterosexual females. The precise relationship between dominance and aggression is currently contested. Given the association between SDO, aggression and empathy, and the differences between heterosexual and homosexual males, an analysis of how sexual orientation co-varies with SDO might help to clarify the association between aggression and dominance. SDO scores were derived from heterosexual males (n = 60), heterosexual females (n = 60) and homosexual males (n = 60). Heterosexual males reported higher levels of SDO than heterosexual females and homosexual males, while heterosexual females scored higher than homosexual males. These differences were analogous for physical aggression. More work is required to thoroughly understand the aetiology of these effects as well as the strategic value of the behaviours, but for now we have reason to further investigate the organizational hormone hypothesis put forward in this paper.

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“…Even if both sexes may be equally aggressive, they tend to express it in different ways [37,38]: males tend to be more direct physically aggressive, females are more direct non-verbally aggressive, whereas no sex differences are usually found on indirect aggression, i.e. aggressors hide their identities [39][40][41][42]. These psychobiological characteristics allude to similar male and female tendencies in instrumental and emotionalmotivated aggression across cultures?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Justification of Emotional and Instrumental Aggression in Hong Kong and Spanish University Students

Ramírez¹,

Fung²,

Alvarado³

et al. 2011

TOPSYJ

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This study reports the degrees of approval for different aggressive acts in a number of instrumental and emotional situations. A nationally-adapted version of the Lagerspetz and Westman questionnaire [1] was administered to 332 university students of both sexes in Spain and Hong Kong. Respondents had to indicate levels of justification of several aggressive acts of different quality and intensity in the context of different social justifications. Our results replicated the general findings of previous research in other cultures: in both samples, more drastic forms of aggression (e.g., killing, torture) were less accepted than non-dangerous forms of such behavior (e.g., hindering, being ironic); aggressive acts more socially justified (in terms of protection of self or other) were clearly more accepted than others with no such justification (problems of communication); and instrumental-motivated aggression was higher justified than emotional-motivated aggression. Some differences in the level of acceptance according to the sex of the participants were found: women were more prone to a higher acceptance of acts and situations more related to emotion. Although both sexes justified aggression in a higher degree for instrumentally motivated situations than for emotional ones, males showed a higher acceptance than females for instrumental situations and a lower one than females for emotional ones. There were also some minor culturally bound differences in these attitudes: Spaniards accepted less than HK students aggression in emotional situations, specially for the cases of punishment and lack of communication, but more emotional acts, such as rage and shouting. Thus, patterns of moral approval of various kinds of aggressive acts are in a large part common to both cultures. Findings also confirmed a two-factor solution and the respective predictive power of justifications for aggression in instrumental vs. emotional motivated situations. The reliability and validity of this brief self-report have been further established by the present study, paving the way for future studies to measure instrumental and emotional aggression.

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Measuring adult indirect aggression: The development and psychometric assessment of the indirect aggression scales

Cited by 92 publications

References 45 publications

Workers' perception of workplace bullying: A cross-cultural study

Workers' perception of workplace bullying: A cross-cultural study

Social dominance and sexual orientation

Justification of Emotional and Instrumental Aggression in Hong Kong and Spanish University Students

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