Measures of menopause driven differences in levels of blood lipids, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone in women aged 35 to 60 years

Abstract

Aging plays a role at least as important as menopause during the menopausal transition. However, at the current stage, it is impossible to assess the relative weights of aging and the menopausal transition on the differences in the studied parameters.

Luteinizing hormone as a key player in the cognitive decline of Alzheimer's disease

“…This increase correlates with and is likely related to a decrease in testosterone levels (Morley et al, 1997). In women, luteinizing hormone levels increase from around 4 IU/L in premenopause to an average of around 30 IU/L post-menopausally (Wiacek et al, 2011;Rannevik et al, 1995), while male levels experience much more modest increases, resulting in an average serum level of approximately 10 IU/L in elderly men (Sartorius et al, 2012).…”

“…Estrogens and androgens, in turn, exert negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary to inhibit GnRH at least partly via effects on kisspeptin neurons (see Goodman and Lehman, 2012 for a review), and thus LH and FSH release. Thus, when estrogen and androgen levels are high, LH levels are relatively low (Charlton, 2008;Freeman et al, 1976;Spratt et al, 1988;Wise and Ratner, 1980;Wiacek et al, 2011).…”

“…Both menopause and ovariectomy (sometimes referred to as 'surgically induced menopause') substantially decrease estrogens and lead to large increases in LH, GnRH, and FSH levels in women (Rannevik et al, 1995;Wiacek et al, 2011). For males, age-induced andropause results in lowered levels of testosterone and elevated levels of LH, FSH, and GnRH.…”

Effect of Cynomorium total flavone on depression model of perimenopausal rat

“…The experiment results show that cynomorium total flavone can significantly reduce the move distance and stand-up times, significantly increase sugar water intake, and significantly shorten immobility time in the forced swimming test, indicating cynomorium total flavone can increase the curiosity of perimenopausal rats on fresh environment, increase the reaction intensity on rewards, and decrease the degree of desperation on adverse environment, so as to improve depressive symptom. First, cynomorium total flavone can significantly increase the initially reduced level of E2 (Pachman et al, 2010) and T in the serum of perimenopausal rats with depression, indicating cynomorium total flavone can adjust the disorders of hormone levels and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function of perimenopausal rats with depression (Wiacek et al, 2011). Secondly, cynomorium total flavone can significantly increase the contents of 5-HT and DA in the brain homogenate of perimenopausal rats with depression, indicating cynomorium total flavone is used in the prospect of treating perimenopausal depression, wherein the mechanism is to realize the adjustment of monoamine neurotransmitters through impacting hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.…”

Menopause-Related Physiological Changes and Their Possible Control Through Diet and Exercise

“…Some studies have shown that total cholesterol (TC) levels, lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) levels are associated not only with the aging process, per se, but also with the menopausal transition (Fig. 3.1 ) [7][8][9][10][11][12] . Adverse lipid pro fi les may be associated with a detrimentally high body mass index (BMI), which is pronouncedly associated with less increase in FSH during the menopausal transition [ 12 ] (Fig.…”