Measures of general and central obesity and risk of type 2 diabetes in a Ghanaian population

Frank, Laura; Heraclides, Alexandros; Danquah, Ina; Bedu-Addo, George; Mockenhaupt, Frank P.; Schulze, Matthias B.

doi:10.1111/tmi.12024

Cited by 41 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…Thus, it may be useful for preventive strategies against type 2 diabetes to take into account WHR in addition to the conventional measure of BMI. In this region, women and men may equally benefit from public health efforts on the prevention of and the reduction in central obesity [32]. Our analysis also confirmed WC, not BMI, as the strongest predictor of hyperglycemia in slum population.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Measurement of overweight and obesity an urban slum setting in sub-Saharan Africa: a comparison of four anthropometric indices

Haregu

Oti²,

Egondi³

et al. 2016

BMC Obes

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BackgroundAs a result of both genetic and environmental factors, the body composition and topography of African populations are presumed to be different from western populations. Accordingly, globally accepted anthropometric markers may perform differently in African populations. In the era of rapid emergence of cardio-vascular diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, evidence about the performance of these markers in African settings is essential. The aim of this study was to investigate the inter-relationships among the four main anthropometric indices in measuring overweight and obesity in an urban poor African setting.MethodsData from a cardiovascular disease risk factor assessment study in urban slums of Nairobi were analyzed. In the major study, data were collected from 5190 study participants. We considered four anthropometric markers of overweight and obesity: Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, Waist to Hip Ratio, and Waist to Height Ratio. Pairwise correlations and kappa statistics were used to assess the relationship and agreement among these markers, respectively. Discordances between the indices were also analyzed.ResultsThe weighted prevalence of above normal body composition was 21.6 % by body mass index, 28.9 % by waist circumference, 45.5 % by waist to hip ratio, and 38.9 % by waist to height ratio. The overall inter-index correlation was +0.44. Waist to hip ratio generally had lower correlation with the other anthropometric indices. High level of discordance exists between body mass index and waist to hip ratio. Combining the four indices shows that 791 (16.1 %) respondents had above normal body composition in all four indices. Waist circumference better predicted hypertension and hyperglycemia while waist to height ratio better predicted hypercholesterolemia.ConclusionsThere exists a moderate level of correlation and a remarkable level of discordance among the four anthropometric indices with regard to the ascertainment of abnormal body composition in an urban slum setting in Africa. Waist circumference is a better predictor of cardio-metabolic risk.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Measurement of overweight and obesity an urban slum setting in sub-Saharan Africa: a comparison of four anthropometric indices

Haregu

Oti²,

Egondi³

et al. 2016

BMC Obes

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“…4 Central obesity has been associated more with type 2 diabetes and possibly increased CVD than general obesity. 5 It has been observed that the prevalence of central obesity in Africa is higher among women than in men in contrast to findings from high-income countries where it is the same across genders. 6 In SSA obesity is reported to be most prevalent among urban middle-aged women.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors in rural Kenya: evidence from a health and demographic surveillance system using the WHO STEP-wise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance

Chege

2016

South African Family Practice

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Results:The mean age was 44 years and 57% were female. The distribution of BMI was: mean = 20 kg/m 2 (range 24-36); 18.5-25 kg/m 2 = 57%;< 18.5 kg/m 2 = 35%. Distribution of blood pressure levels: Normal in 40%; pre-hypertensive 40%; hypertension stages 1 and 2 was 13% and 8% respectively. Nearly all affected were unaware of their elevated blood pressure. Impaired fasting glucose was found in 4.5% while 6.5% were diabetic. Fasting serum lipid profile was normal in over 85% of the population. Conclusions: This rural population had low BMI with 92% having a BMI below 25 kg/m 2 and about 20% of them being in hypertension stage 1 and 2 and nearly all unaware of it. Despite the majority having below normal BMI, it was noted that rates of hypertension increased with increasing BMI. There was significant presence of dysglycaemia but not dyslipidaemia.

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“…[10] Yet, the health needs of young adults in Africa’s transitional phase have only insufficiently been examined. [11] For instance, factors for type 2 diabetes among Africans remain controversial,[12] and the extend of (mal-)nutrition-related susceptibility to infectious diseases among adolescents is well-described. Therefore, we aimed at investigating among adolescents in rural Ghana i) the proportions of common infectious diseases (malaria, diagnoses and symptoms compatible with another infectious disease), malnutrition (underweight, stunting, iron deficiency, vitamin A deficiency), and CRFs (overweight and obesity, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), hypertension), ii) the co-occurrence of these entities, and iii) demographic, socio-economic and medical risk factors for these entities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescent health in rural Ghana: A cross-sectional study on the co-occurrence of infectious diseases, malnutrition and cardio-metabolic risk factors

et al. 2017

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In sub-Saharan Africa, infectious diseases and malnutrition constitute the main health problems in children, while adolescents and adults are increasingly facing cardio-metabolic conditions. Among adolescents as the largest population group in this region, we investigated the co-occurrence of infectious diseases, malnutrition and cardio-metabolic risk factors (CRFs), and evaluated demographic, socio-economic and medical risk factors for these entities. In a cross-sectional study among 188 adolescents in rural Ghana, malarial infection, common infectious diseases and Body Mass Index were assessed. We measured ferritin, C-reactive protein, retinol, fasting glucose and blood pressure. Socio-demographic data were documented. We analyzed the proportions (95% confidence interval, CI) and the co-occurrence of infectious diseases (malaria, other common diseases), malnutrition (underweight, stunting, iron deficiency, vitamin A deficiency [VAD]), and CRFs (overweight, obesity, impaired fasting glucose, hypertension). In logistic regression, odds ratios (OR) and 95% CIs were calculated for the associations with socio-demographic factors. In this Ghanaian population (age range, 14.4–15.5 years; males, 50%), the proportions were for infectious diseases 45% (95% CI: 38–52%), for malnutrition 50% (43–57%) and for CRFs 16% (11–21%). Infectious diseases and malnutrition frequently co-existed (28%; 21–34%). Specifically, VAD increased the odds of non-malarial infectious diseases 3-fold (95% CI: 1.03, 10.19). Overlap of CRFs with infectious diseases (6%; 2–9%) or with malnutrition (7%; 3–11%) was also present. Male gender and low socio-economic status increased the odds of infectious diseases and malnutrition, respectively. Malarial infection, chronic malnutrition and VAD remain the predominant health problems among these Ghanaian adolescents. Investigating the relationships with evolving CRFs is warranted.

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Measures of general and central obesity and risk of type 2 diabetes in a Ghanaian population

Cited by 41 publications

References 41 publications

Measurement of overweight and obesity an urban slum setting in sub-Saharan Africa: a comparison of four anthropometric indices

Measurement of overweight and obesity an urban slum setting in sub-Saharan Africa: a comparison of four anthropometric indices

Multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors in rural Kenya: evidence from a health and demographic surveillance system using the WHO STEP-wise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance

Adolescent health in rural Ghana: A cross-sectional study on the co-occurrence of infectious diseases, malnutrition and cardio-metabolic risk factors

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