Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)

Savvatimskiy, A. I.

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027

Cited by 208 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In fast ECAS, graphite is typically selected as the die material since it is a good electric contact material, while exhibiting good electric conductivity, resistance to oxidation at high temperature, good thermal and mechanical stability at high temperatures and a high melting point [138]. The electrical resistivity of the punch and die controls the heating efficiency.…”

Section: Materials and Geometry Of Punch And Diementioning

confidence: 99%

Electric current activated/assisted sintering (ECAS): a review of patents 1906–2008

Grasso

Sakka

Maizza

2009

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

397

231

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The electric current activated/assisted sintering (ECAS) is an ever growing class of versatile techniques for sintering particulate materials. Despite the tremendous advances over the last two decades in ECASed materials and products there is a lack of comprehensive reviews on ECAS apparatuses and methods. This paper fills the gap by tracing the progress of ECAS technology from 1906 to 2008 and surveys 642 ECAS patents published over more than a century. It is found that the ECAS technology was pioneered by Bloxam (1906 GB Patent No. 9020) who developed the first resistive sintering apparatus. The patents were searched by keywords or by cross-links and were withdrawn from the Japanese Patent Office (342 patents), the United States Patent and Trademark Office (175 patents), the Chinese State Intellectual Property Office of P.R.C. (69 patents) and the World Intellectual Property Organization (12 patents). A subset of 119 (out of 642) ECAS patents on methods and apparatuses was selected and described in detail with respect to their fundamental concepts, physical principles and importance in either present ECAS apparatuses or future ECAS technologies for enhancing efficiency, reliability, repeatability, controllability and productivity. The paper is divided into two parts, the first deals with the basic concepts, features and definitions of basic ECAS and the second analyzes the auxiliary devices/peripherals. The basic ECAS is classified with reference to discharge time (fast and ultrafast ECAS). The fundamental principles and definitions of ECAS are outlined in accordance with the scientific and patent literature.

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Section: Materials and Geometry Of Punch And Diementioning

confidence: 99%

Electric current activated/assisted sintering (ECAS): a review of patents 1906–2008

Grasso

Sakka

Maizza

2009

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

397

231

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Our results on carbon expansion obtained in sapphire capillary tubes (and between sapphire plates) at the melting line are shown in the Table 1 [3,4]. Togaya [5] obtained linear dependence between rising pressure P and diminishing of the imparted energy E M at the finish of melting.…”

Section: Data On the Liquid Carbon Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…Melting point of the carbon was discussed in [3]. Our results on carbon expansion obtained in sapphire capillary tubes (and between sapphire plates) at the melting line are shown in the Table 1 [3,4].…”

Section: Data On the Liquid Carbon Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…It was roughly estimated by comparison with the E M and resistivity data [5] (steady state measuring pressure under pulse heating: relative resistivity diminishes with rising pressure up to 50 kbar). All the data in Table1 are for dense graphite (2.2 g/cm 3 ). 3 ) that the liquid carbon resistivity ρ diminishes from 590 to 483 µΩ⋅cm (referred to initial volume) at the melting line with the simultaneously rising of the pressure P (from 23.5 to 40 kbar).…”

Section: Data On the Liquid Carbon Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All the data in Table1 are for dense graphite (2.2 g/cm 3 ). 3 ) that the liquid carbon resistivity ρ diminishes from 590 to 483 µΩ⋅cm (referred to initial volume) at the melting line with the simultaneously rising of the pressure P (from 23.5 to 40 kbar).…”

Section: Data On the Liquid Carbon Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquid metals and liquid carbon: some similar properties at high temperatures

Фортов

Korobenko

Savvatimskiy

2011

EPJ Web of Conferences

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Abstract.Liquid carbon resistivity ρ (just after the melting) diminishes with rising of input energy and pressure P (for P -lower than 50 kbar). Far above melting point, at high pressure (higher ∼ 50 kbar) liquid carbon resistivity rises sharply, up to 3000 µΩ⋅cm. It was shown that the liquid carbon (as some other metals, for example W, Li) has one and the same property: a denser phase (in liquid state) has higher resistivity.

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Composite Materials: Ablative

Natali

Torre

2012

Wiley Encyclopedia of Composites

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Ablative materials play a strategic role in the aerospace industry. The concept of ablation can be related to a geological term at least 160 years old. It is derived from the suppletive past participle of the Latin “auferre” which means to carry away. Ablative materials are used to produce the thermal protection system (TPS) that protects a body from severe heating encountered during hypersonic flight through a planetary atmosphere. The TPS protects the structure, the aerodynamic surfaces, and the payload of missiles, space vehicles, and probes. Ablative materials are also used to produce passively cooled rocket combustion chambers and nozzles, as well as to protect propulsion devices from very high temperature environments.

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Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)

Cited by 208 publications

References 33 publications

Electric current activated/assisted sintering (ECAS): a review of patents 1906–2008

Electric current activated/assisted sintering (ECAS): a review of patents 1906–2008

Liquid metals and liquid carbon: some similar properties at high temperatures

Composite Materials: Ablative

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