Measurements of radiation level in petroleum products and wastes in Riyadh City Refinery

Al-Saleh, F. S.; Alharshan, Gharam A.

doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2007.12.002

Cited by 53 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In general, the diffusion coefficient in porous media is a 27) Austria, Jabiluka 7.2 Uranium mill tailing 20) U.S.A. 15 1.9 Petroleum waste 21) Saudi Arabia 15 -57 * Thoron emanation coefficient property of the diffusing species, the pore structure, the type of fluids present in the pores, and the adsorption properties of the solid matrix, the fluid saturations, and temperature. For radon diffusion in porous media, the diffusivity for the other isotopes of radon (e.g., 220 Rn) has been observed to be comparable to that for the isotope 222 Rn 53) .…”

Section: DI Usion Coe Icientmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radon Migration Process and Its Influence Factors; Review

Hassan

Hosoda²,

Ishikawa³

et al. 2009

Hoken Butsuri

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Radon (222 Rn) generated within the grains of rocks, soils, building materials and other materials by the radioactive decay of radium ( 226 Ra) can migrate to the atmosphere. This paper reviews the emanation coefficient, diffusion coefficient, and exhalation rate, and the factors that control the rate at which radon can enter atmosphere. The emanation coefficient which is the fraction of radon generated within the grains of materials and escaped to the pore space, varied from 2.1 to 32% for rocks, from 0.14 to 80% for soil, and from 0.10 to 58% in case of building materials. In addition, measurement methods used to evaluate emanation coefficient and its influence factors are also reviewed. The diffusion of radon is a process determined by radon concentration gradient across the radon sources and the surrounding air. The effective diffusion coefficient of some materials is summarized. Moreover, the radon exhalation rate process and the main influencing factors on the variation of exhalation rate data are reviewed. The exhalation rate varied in the range of 0.11 to 80 mBq m -2 s -1 , 2.0 10 -3 to 5.0 10 4 mBq m -2 s -1 and 4.0 10 -3 to 5.0 10 1 mBq m -2 s -1 for rocks, soils and building materials, respectively.

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Section: DI Usion Coe Icientmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radon Migration Process and Its Influence Factors; Review

Hassan

Hosoda²,

Ishikawa³

et al. 2009

Hoken Butsuri

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“…The activity concentrations of 226 Ra, 232 Th, and 40 K in the soil used in our experiment were comparable with those of the natural background of the soil ( Starkov and Migunov , 2003) (Table 1). The radioactivity in the analyzed waste was within the range found previously in sludges from oil production and processing plants ( Bakr , 2010), much lower than the levels of 226 Ra and 40 K found in scales and sludges generated during oil extraction and production operations ( Shawky et al, 2001; Gazineu and Hazin , 2008; Abo‐Elmagd et al, 2010), and higher than their levels in scales and sludges from refinery exchangers and old gasoline tanks ( Shawky et al, 2001; Al‐Saleh and Al‐Harshan , 2008). These differences can be explained by the initial content of natural radionuclides in the rocks from which the oil was extracted and by differences in the oil processing technologies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Oily waste containing natural radionuclides: does it cause stimulation or inhibition of soil bacterial community?

Galitskaya

Gumerova

Ratering

et al. 2015

J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.

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Contamination with oily wastes containing natural radionuclides is a potential hazard for soil health and function. Our study aimed to reveal both structural and functional changes of the microbial community resistant to and able to decompose oily wastes in soil. To do this, we determined CO 2 efflux, microbial biomass (by the extraction-fumigation method), and community structure (by PCR-SSCP) for 120 d after application of radioactive oily wastes to the soil at the ratio 1:4. The addition of the waste resulted in an increase of the activity concentration of 226 Ra by 130 times (up to 643 Bq kg -1 ) and of 232 Th by 29 times (up to 254 Bq kg -1 ). The calculated weighted dose for the radionuclide 226 Ra was found to be below the values that are known to affect microorganisms. However, the cumulative effect of a repeated deposition of radioactive oily waste may result in an increase of the weighted dose up to an effective level. During the incubation, the hydrocarbon (HC) content of the waste-treated soil decreased from 156 to 54 g kg -1 of soil indicating intensive decomposition of added organics by soil microorganisms. The waste application, however, led to an inhibition of soil microbial biomass compared with the control (by 26-47%). Microbial respiration was stimulated in the first month of incubation and then decreased until the end of the incubation period (by up to 74% compared to the control). The qCO 2 was estimated to be 3-fold higher than the control on day 1 of incubation and equal to the control on day 120 of incubation. The bacterial diversity decreased in the contaminated soil compared with the control soil. The bacterial community structure was altered by domination of new oil degrader species belonging to the genera Dyella, Pseudoxanthomonas, Sinobacter, and Parvibaculum. Thus, disposal of radioactive petroleum waste strongly altered the structure of the microbial community resulting in the selection of resistant species able to decompose pollutants and also affected the community function (inhibition of microbial biomass and stimulation of respiration) which tended to stabilize after long-term incubation.

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“…Therefore, the total absorbed dose rates increases with the activity concentration, and consequently enhances the radiological impact on the workers surrounded by the wastes. Algeria [32] Australia [34] Brazil [35] Brazil [36] Brazil [37] Congo [38] Egypt [27] Egypt [29] Egypt [30] Italy [38] Kazakhstan [39] Malaysia [40] Norway [41] Saudi Arabia [42] Tunisia [38] Tunisia [33] UK [6] USA [43] USA [21] Australia [34] Brazil [35] Brazil [36] Egypt [29] Egypt [30] Malaysia [40] Norway [41] Tunisia [38] As shown in Table 5, the concentration levels of radium nuclides in scale vary within a wide range being much higher than those of the sludge. According to the latest Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimation, the average radium nuclide concentration is around 18,000 Bq/kg and 2800 Bq/kg in scale and sludge, respectively [44].…”

Section: Te-norm In Scales and Sludgementioning

confidence: 99%