Measurements of nitrogen dioxide concentrations at rural sites in the United Kingdom using diffusion tubes

Campbell, G. W.

doi:10.1016/0269-7491(88)90249-7

Cited by 42 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…For instance, overestimation of up to 40% of NO 2 has been reported by Campbell et al [10] and by Gair and Penkett [13]. In contrast with these results, Campbell [9] and Atkins and Lee [11] reported accuracy within 7% and 3%, respectively.…”

Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 47%

“…Originally developed in the field of occupational hygiene, the Palmes sampler was first introduced for monitoring ambient NO 2 by Atkins [8] and since then it has been widely used for studies in urban and rural areas and for deployment in UK national surveys [9,10,11]. As far as the determination of NO is concerned, the idea at the basis of the few applications presented in the literature is to oxidise NO to NO 2 followed by collection on TEA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Use of a New Passive Sampler for Ozone and Nitrogen Oxides Monitoring in Ecological Effects Research

Santis

Döğeroğlu²,

Menichelli³

et al. 2001

The Scientific World JOURNAL

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A simple, cost-effective diffusive sampler is described that is suitable for measuring parts per billion (ppb) levels of ozone and nitrogen oxides. The diffusive sampler makes use of nitrite for ozone determination whereas for nitrogen oxides and nitrogen dioxide an active carbon tissue impregnated with sodium carbonate is used. Nitrate and nitrite, the formation of which is proportional to the pollutant concentration and sampling duration, are the two species analysed, respectively. Diffusion tubes have the advantage of being a lowcost, convenient way of mapping spatial distributions and investigating long-term trends of ozone and nitrogen oxides. The method is extremely useful for assessing long-term concentrations such as the annual mean for nitrogen oxides, as required by the Daughter Directive 1999/30/EC. Field tests to validate the method have been carried out at an urban background location with co-located passive samplers and continuous measurements of O 3 and NO x . An application in ecological effects monitoring for ozone is also presented.

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Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 47%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of a New Passive Sampler for Ozone and Nitrogen Oxides Monitoring in Ecological Effects Research

Santis

Döğeroğlu²,

Menichelli³

et al. 2001

The Scientific World JOURNAL

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“…Diffusion tubes were used as part of a test of the technique, coordinated by the Harwell Laboratory, UK (Campbell, 1988 ;Atkins, Jeffry & Law, 1989 a ;Atkins, Law & Sandalls, 1989 b). Some research has found good agreement between measurements of ammonia concentrations made with diffusion tubes and those made with other techniques such as filter packs and denuders ; other work has found that diffusion tubes give consistently higher values, especially outdoors (Atkins & Lee, 1993).…”

Section: Dry Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Uncertainty lies mostly in the spatial variation of precipitation amount and composition. Campbell et al (1988) measured the variation between the precipitation-weighted mean concentrations of nitrate and ammonium in two collectors 4 m apart to be c. 5 %. Thus the local variation of N species in precipitation is quite small.…”

Section: Total Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen deposition and its contribution to nitrogen cycling and associated soil processes

et al. 1998

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Human activity has greatly perturbed the nitrogen cycle through increased fixation by legumes, by energy and fertilizer production, and by the mobilization of N from long-term storage pools. This extra reactive N is readily transported through the environment, and there is increasing evidence that it is changing ecosystems through eutrophication and acidification. Rothamsted Experimental Station, UK has been involved in research on N cycling in ecosystems since its inception in 1843. Measurements of precipitation composition at Rothamsted, made since 1853, show an increase of nitrate and ammonium N in precipitation from 1 and 3 kg N ha −" yr −" , respectively, in 1855 to a maximum of 8 and 10 kg N ha −" yr −" in 1980, decreasing to 4 and 5 kg N ha −" yr −" today. Nitrogen inputs via dry deposition do, however, remain high. Recent measurements with diffusion tubes and filter packs show large concentrations of nitrogen dioxide of c. 20 µg m −$ in winter and c. 10 µg m −$ in summer ; the difference is linked to the use of central heating, and with variations in wind direction and pollutant source. Concentrations of nitric acid and particulate N exhibit maxima of 1n5 and 2 µg m −$ in summer and winter, respectively. Concentrations of ammonia are small, barely rising above 1 µg m −$ .Taking deposition velocities from the literature gives a total deposition of all measured N species to winter cereals of 43n3 kg N ha −" yr −" , 84 % as oxidized species, 79 % dry deposited. The fate of this N deposited to the very long-term Broadbalk Continuous Wheat Experiment at Rothamsted has been simulated using the SUNDIAL N-cycling model : at equilibrium, after 154 yr of the experiment and with N deposition increasing from c. 10 kg ha −" yr −" in 1843 to 45 kg ha −" yr −" today, c. 5 % is leached, 12 % is denitrified, 30 % immobilized in the soil organic matter and 53 % taken off in the crop. The ' efficiency of use ' of the deposited N decreases, and losses and immobilization increase as the amount of fertilizer N increases. The deposited N itself, and the acidification that is associated with it (from the nitric acid, ammonia and ammonium), has reduced the number of plant species on the 140-yr-old Park Grass hay meadow. It has also reduced methane oxidation rates in soil by c. 15 % under arable land and 30 % under woodland, and has caused N saturation of local woodland ecosystems : nitrous oxide emission rates of up to 1n4 kg ha −" yr −" are equivalent to those from arable land receiving 200 kg N ha −" yr −" , and in proportion to the excess N deposited ; measurements of N cycling processes and pools using "&N pool dilution techniques show a large nitrate pool and enhanced rates of nitrification relative to immobilization. Ratios of gross nitrification : gross immobilization might prove to be good indices of N saturation.

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“…Although precision is lower for the very short indoor exposures, it remains acceptable given the low cumulative exposures measured (< ~500 (nL/L).h). Campbell (1988) reports a precision of ~ 10 % for 28-day exposure at 3 nL/L (2000 (nL/L).h), deteriorating to ~ 30 % for concentrations around 0.5 nL/L (340 (nL/L).h).…”

Section: Results Of Short-term Indoor Pdt Exposure Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of passive diffusion tubes to short-term indoor and personal exposure measurement of NO

Heal

O'Donoghue

Agius

et al. 1999

Environment International

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Palmes-type passive diffusion tubes were shown to be as accurate in measurement of indoor NO 2 during short-term (2 and 3-day) exposures as during 1-week exposures. The statistical limit of detection for cumulative NO 2 in 2 and 3-day exposure was 150 (nL/L).h. Mean coefficient of variation for duplicate 2 and 3-day exposures was < 13 %. A pilot study measuring personal, indoor (living room) and outdoor (just outside the home) NO 2 over 3 days for 8 volunteers demonstrates the feasibility and reliability of using passive diffusion tubes for short-term personal exposure measurements, and confirms the necessity of obtaining actual exposure profiles for a specific sub-population.3

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Measurements of nitrogen dioxide concentrations at rural sites in the United Kingdom using diffusion tubes

Cited by 42 publications

References 10 publications

The Use of a New Passive Sampler for Ozone and Nitrogen Oxides Monitoring in Ecological Effects Research

The Use of a New Passive Sampler for Ozone and Nitrogen Oxides Monitoring in Ecological Effects Research

Nitrogen deposition and its contribution to nitrogen cycling and associated soil processes

Application of passive diffusion tubes to short-term indoor and personal exposure measurement of NO

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