Measurements of Ice Nucleating Particles in Beijing, China

Bi, Kai; McMeeking, G. R.; Ding, Deping; Levin, Ezra J. T.; DeMott, Paul J.; Zhao, Delong; Wang, F.; Liu, Q.; Tian, Ping; C., X.; Chen, Y. B.; Huang, Mengyu; Zhang, H. L.; Gordon, T. D.; Chen, P.

doi:10.1029/2019jd030609

Cited by 43 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…For comparison, two similar observations during dust events (Bi et al, 2019) and non-dust days (Chen et al, 2018b) during dusty conditions, which agrees with the current study within one order of magnitude. For non-dust days, the concentrations in Chen et al (2018b) are consistent with sample M4 in the present study.…”

Section: Inp Concentrationssupporting

confidence: 92%

Size-Resolved Atmospheric Ice Nucleating Particles during East Asian Dust Events

Chen¹,

Wu²,

Chen³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. Asian dust is an important source of atmospheric ice nucleating particles (INPs). However, the freezing activity of airborne Asian dust, especially its sensitivity to particle size, is poorly understood. In this study we report the first INP measurement of size-resolved airborne mineral dust collected during East Asian dust events. The measured total INP concentrations in the immersion mode ranged from 10−2 to 102 L−1 in dust events at temperatures between −25 and −5 °C. The average contributions of heat-sensitive INPs at three temperatures, −10, −15, and −20 °C, were 81 ± 12 %, 70 ± 15 %, and 38 ± 21 %, respectively, suggesting that proteinaceous biological materials have a substantial effect on the ice nucleation properties of Asian atmospheric mineral dust at warm temperatures. The dust particles which originated from China's northwest deserts are more efficient INPs compared to those from northern regions. There was no significant difference in the ice nucleation properties between East Asian dust particles and other regions in the world. An explicit size dependence of both INP concentration and surface ice active density was observed. The nucleation efficiency of dust particles increased with increasing particle size, while the INP concentration first increased rapidly and then levelled, due to the significant decrease in the number concentration of larger particles. A new set of parameterizations for INP activity based on size-resolved nucleation properties of Asian mineral dust particles were developed over an extended temperature range (−35 ~ −6 °C). These size-dependent parameterizations require only particle size distributions as input, and can be easily applied in models.

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Section: Inp Concentrationssupporting

confidence: 92%

Size-Resolved Atmospheric Ice Nucleating Particles during East Asian Dust Events

Chen¹,

Wu²,

Chen³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Bigg collected INPs on membrane filters across eastern Australia and New Zealand during several months of 1962-1964(Bigg and Miles, 1964. Later he continued sampling in the marine boundary layer over large parts of the remote Southern Ocean around Australia from 1969 to 1972 (Bigg, 1973). Samples were analyzed in a thermal vapor diffusion chamber.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term deposition and condensation ice-nucleating particle measurements from four stations across the globe

et al. 2020

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Abstract. Ice particle activation and evolution have important atmospheric implications for cloud formation, initiation of precipitation and radiative interactions. The initial formation of atmospheric ice by heterogeneous ice nucleation requires the presence of a nucleating seed, an ice-nucleating particle (INP), to facilitate its first emergence. Unfortunately, only a few long-term measurements of INPs exist, and as a result, knowledge about geographic and seasonal variations of INP concentrations is sparse. Here we present data from nearly 2 years of INP measurements from four stations in different regions of the world: the Amazon (Brazil), the Caribbean (Martinique), central Europe (Germany) and the Arctic (Svalbard). The sites feature diverse geographical climates and ecosystems that are associated with dissimilar transport patterns, aerosol characteristics and levels of anthropogenic impact (ranging from near pristine to mostly rural). Interestingly, observed INP concentrations, which represent measurements in the deposition and condensation freezing modes, do not differ greatly from site to site but usually fall well within the same order of magnitude. Moreover, short-term variability overwhelms all long-term trends and/or seasonality in the INP concentration at all locations. An analysis of the frequency distributions of INP concentrations suggests that INPs tend to be well mixed and reflective of large-scale air mass movements. No universal physical or chemical parameter could be identified to be a causal link driving INP climatology, highlighting the complex nature of the ice nucleation process. Amazonian INP concentrations were mostly unaffected by the biomass burning season, even though aerosol concentrations increase by a factor of 10 from the wet to dry season. Caribbean INPs were positively correlated to parameters related to transported mineral dust, which is known to increase during the Northern Hemisphere summer. A wind sector analysis revealed the absence of an anthropogenic impact on average INP concentrations at the site in central Europe. Likewise, no Arctic haze influence was observed on INPs at the Arctic site, where low concentrations were generally measured. We consider the collected data to be a unique resource for the community that illustrates some of the challenges and knowledge gaps of the field in general, while specifically highlighting the need for more long-term observations of INPs worldwide.

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“…Fortunately for this reference, the prime publication on the PINE came out the same day as this review (Möhler et al, 2020). However, automated CFDC instruments are already being built for surface sites (Bi et al, 2019) and under development for aircraft use. I do not understand the statement about a "vital intermediate step".…”

Section: Interactive Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some is recent, e.g., Levin et al (2019) found no apparent influence of urban pollution on INPs in studies in CA, USA. Chen et al (2019) and Bi et al (2019) discuss urban pollution impacts in Beijing.…”

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confidence: 99%

Referee Comment

DeMott¹

2020

Preprint

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This paper is excellent as a large compilation of INP data that has been processed in a consistent manner. The effort is to be commended for that reason alone. It is also a very well written manuscript, and with most of the details one would wish for, and the abstract highlights several key points: well mixed populations that do not vary greatly overall between northern and southern continental and marine sites, shortterm variability dominating at all sites, certain site specific aerosol drivers of INPs, but no universal driving aerosol property driver, and no indication of anthropogenic influences. Nevertheless, as I read the paper as it is currently organized, I struggled in C1 ACPD Interactive comment Printer-friendly version Discussion paper knowing how to relate the method and results from the standard FRIDGE method to drop freezing assays (or the immersion mode method sometimes applied using the FRIDGE device), which are possibly the most widely used present method. It seems to me that two things are required to assist readers in understanding the nature of the results, and potentially how to consider them in relation to immersion freezing data. First, the title should explicitly describe the basis for INP measurements. In other words, "Long-term deposition/condensation freezing INP measurements.. ." or something to that effect. When one sees the INP versus ice supersaturation data in this manuscript, there is no discontinuity that occurs at water saturation (as the authors readily note), and so it seems apparent that immersion mode freezing is indeed not represented at all. The authors provide a discussion of the dominant mechanisms at play in the data and the likely underestimate in comparison to immersion freezing mode operation of the FRIDGE only very late in the paper. This is critically important in understanding if the findings can be ascribed only to deposition and condensation-freezing mode INPs, or if the same is expected for immersion freezing populations. I suggest in the specific comments that the methods used may indeed limit assessment of strong local/regional impacts, at least for biomass burning. Of course, it will not be possible to make a conclusion about what was not measured, but it should be highlighted as a question for future inspection. This should all be made crystal clear. Hence, the second recommended change is to bring a discussion forward of what types of INPs the data describe, and what types the generalized results may not describe. It will not detract from the great effort the authors have made to collect large quantities of ice nucleation data from multiple sites and discern answers to some of the key and enduring questions related to INP sources. However, I believe that it will better frame future needs. Specific Comments 1) Introduction

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Measurements of Ice Nucleating Particles in Beijing, China

Cited by 43 publications

References 49 publications

Size-Resolved Atmospheric Ice Nucleating Particles during East Asian Dust Events

Size-Resolved Atmospheric Ice Nucleating Particles during East Asian Dust Events

Long-term deposition and condensation ice-nucleating particle measurements from four stations across the globe

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