Measurements of enthalpy of sublimation of Ne, N2, O2, Ar, CO2, Kr, Xe, and H2O using a double paddle oscillator

Abstract

We report precise experimental values of the enthalpy of sublimation (Δ ) of quenched condensed films of neon (Ne), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), argon (Ar), carbon dioxide (CO), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and water (HO) vapor using a single consistent measurement platform. The experiments are performed well below the triple point temperature of each gas and fall in the temperature range where existing experimental data is very limited. A 6 cm and 400 µm thick double paddle oscillator (DPO) with high quality factor (Q ≈ 4 × 10 at 298K) and high frequency stability (33 parts per billion) is utilized for the measurements. The enthalpies of sublimation are derived by measuring the rate of mass loss during temperature programmed desorption. The mass change is detected due to change in the resonance frequency of the self-tracking oscillator. Our measurements typically remain within 10% of the available literature, theory, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) () values, but are performed using an internally consistent method across different gases.

1I/‘Oumuamua as an N2 Ice Fragment of an exo‐Pluto Surface: I. Size and Compositional Constraints

“…Luna et al (2014) as an outlier therein, heat capacity, thermal conductivity at 30 K, β phase spectrum at 50cm −1 . 1, Silvera (1980); 2, Souers (1986), at 4.2 K; 3, Huebler and Bohn (1978), at 6 K; 4, Sandford and Allamandola (1993a); 5, Shakeel et al (2018), and references therein; 6, Hwang et al (2005); 7, Fenichel and Serin (1966), at 9 K; 8, Weston and Daniels (1984), at 9 K; 9, Gupta (1969); 10, Frels et al (1974);11, Öberg et al (2005); 12, Bisschop et al (2006);13, Collings et al (2015); 14, Fayolle et al (2016);15, Lipiński et al (2007);16, Trowbridge et al (2016), at 30 K;17, Cook and Davey (1976), at 30 K;18, Stachowiak et al (1994), at 30 K;19, Luna et al (2014), and references therein;20, Bierhals (2001); 21, Clayton and Giauque (1932);22, Stachowiak et al (1998); 23, Sandford and Allamandola (1988);24, Szmyrka-Grzebyk et al (1998);25, Freiman and Jodl (2004), and references;26, Bier and Jodl (1984), from peak in Raman; 27, Ramsey (1963); 28, Vogt and Pitzer (1976), at 21 K;29, Jeżowski et al (1997), at 20 K;30, Orbriot et al (1978), from peak in Raman; 31, Giauque and Egan (1937), heat capacity at 82 K; 32, Sandford and Allamandola (1990);33, Blum (1975); 34, Overstreet and Giauque (1937); 35, Romanova et al (2013); 36, Sandford and Allamandola (1993b); 37, Giauque and Stout (1936);…”

Survey of Cryogenic Nitrogen Thermomechanical Property Data Relevant to Outer Solar System Bodies

“…Due to a large amount of missing Δ H S data below the triple point, Shakeel et al (2017) conducted experiments to find Δ H S for SNe, SN 2 , SO 2 , SAr, SCO 2 , solid krypton (Kr), solid xenon (SXe), and water ice. A double‐paddle oscillator (DPO) was employed for measurements.…”

“…Generally, the Δ H S drops with increasing temperature, since less energy should be required to phase change SN 2 to a gas at higher temperatures. Shakeel et al (2017) measured, then averaged the Δ H S for the range of 23–27.5 K; the minimum and maximum temperatures were plotted for this measurement.…”

“…The Δ H S for SN 2 calculated from 23–27.5 K was averaged to 7.34 ± 0.48 kl/mol. The authors compared their value to those calculated in Gordon et al (1974) and the NIST tables (Shakeel et al, 2017).…”

“…It is unclear how exactly Shakeel et al (2017) found the data point from the NIST tables, but it is likely it was calculated theoretically; for the sake of completeness it was plotted. It was also unclear how Manzhelii et al (1997) measured or found the data point plotted labeling it as from “calometric data”; it is possible this was from a reference, but it was undiscernible from which reference Manzhelii et al (1997) collected the data.…”