Measurements in the ionosphere during the solar eclipse of 20 July 1963

Irregular Type Sporadic-E Observed by Rocket Borne Gyro-Plasma Probe at a Temperate Latitude

“…The irregular type sporadic-E layer has, then, been confirmed; the results agreeing with those pointed out by Bowhill [1966], and Smith [1965Smith [ , 1966. Their results were obtained, however, mainly by the D.C. Probe technique.…”

“…The former, m1Es, is the type which represents a sharply stratified and highly ionized cloud while the latter, m2Es, is the type of sporadic-E layer which consists of many small size blobs not highly ionized. Rocket observation of the electron density profile has supported this classification of m1Es and m2Es [Seddon, 1962;Smith, 1965Smith, , 1966Bowlill, 1966]. The theoretical base for formation of m1Es has mainly been the wind shear mechanisms as discussed by many authors [Dungey, 1958;Axford, 1961, 1963, 1964, Whitehead, 1961Layser,1964 ;Hines, 1964;Axf ord and Cunnold, 1966].…”

Measurement of E‐Layer Effective Recombination Coefficient During Solar Flares

“…Values of a ~ 10 -8 cma/sec were obtained [Gilliland, 1942;Rydbeck and Wilhelmsson, 1954]. More recent investigators postulating the existence of a residual flux of ionizing radiation at optical totality, as first suggested by Piddington [1951 ] and later confirmed by Friedman [1962] and Smith et al [1966], have obtained eclipse values of • ~ 10 -7 cm3/sec [Nestorov and Taubenheim, 1962;Smith et al, 1965;Taubenheim and Serafimov, 1969;Anastassiades, 1970], which are more consistent with the laboratory measurements. When properly applied, therefore, postsunset and eclipse measurements are capable of yielding credible estimates of the effective recombination coefficient in the lower ionosphere.…”

Electron and ion temperatures in the ionosphere

“…Moreover, Smith et al (1965Smith et al ( , 1968 made observations in two eclipses (1963 July 20 and1966 Nov. 12) and found no evidence for a fall during the eclipse.…”