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Zhang, Y.-W.; Long, E.; Mihovilovič, M.; Gao, Jin; Allada, K.; Anderson, B. D.; Annand, J. R. M.; Averett, T.; Gayoso, C. Ayerbe; Boeglin, W.; Bradshaw, P. C.; Camsonne, A.; Canan, M.; Cates, G. D.; Chen, C.; Chen, J. P.; Chudakov, E.; Лео, Р. Де; Deng, X.; Deur, A.; Dutta, C.; Fassi, L. El; Flay, D.; Frullani, S.; Garibaldi, F.; H, Gao; Gilad, S.; Gilman, R.; Glamazdin, O.; Golge, S.; Gómez, J.; Hansén, O.; Higinbotham, D. W.; Holmstrom, T.; Huang, J.; Ibrahim, H.; Jager, C. W. de; Jensen, Eric R.; Jiang, X.; John, J. St.; Jones, M.; Kang, H.; Katich, Joseph M.; Khanal, H.; P, King; Korsch, W.; LeRose, J.; Lindgren, R.; Lü, H. J.; Luo, W.; Markowitz, P.; Meziane, M.; Michaels, R.; Moffit, B.; Monaghan, Peter; Muangma, N.; Nanda, S.; Norum, B.; Pan, K.; Parno, D. S.; Piasetzky, E.; Posik, M.; Punjabi, V.; Puckett, A. J. R.; Qian, X.; Qiang, Y.; Qiu, X.; Riordan, S.; Ron, G.; Saha, A.; Sawatzky, B.; Schiavilla, R.; Schoenrock, B. D.; Shabestari, M.; Shahinyan, A.; Širca, S.; Subedi, R.; Sulkosky, V.; Tobias, W. A.; Tireman, W.; Urciuoli, G. M.; Wang, D.; Wang, K.; Wang, Y.; Watson, J. W.; Wojtsekhowski, B.; Ye, Z.; Zhan, X.; Zhang, Y.; Zheng, X.; Zhao, B.; Zhu, Lei

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.115.172502

Cited by 35 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The generalized parton distributions (GPDs) calculation of the former reference agrees well with the experimental datapoint of Ref. [41], which was taken at electron beam energy ε 1 = 3.605 GeV and Q 2 = 0.967 GeV 2 . However, this approach cannot be used to describe other datapoints of Ref.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…3, the constraint η ≤ 0.1 implies that our results cannot be directly compared to the results of the experimental measurement of Ref. [41] (we extend our theoretical curves beyond the η = 0.1 region just for illustrative purposes). More interestingly, we can also notice that the FL slope of theoretical curves is of an opposite sign as compared to that expected from the experiment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Subsequent measurements [36][37][38][39] . As for the target-normal SSA, there is only one nonzero measurement of A y reported to date [41], which was obtained from quasielastic electron scattering on a polarized 3 He 3 Note that the imaginary part of the TPE amplitude is contained solely in the two-photon box diagram, whereas the respective real part is represented by the two-photon box and crossed-box diagrams.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this approach cannot be used to describe other datapoints of Ref. [41], which were taken at lower Q 2 . The electroproduction amplitudes calculation of Ref.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Target-normal single-spin asymmetry in elastic electron-nucleon scattering

Koshchii

Afanasev

2018

Phys. Rev. D

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We estimate the target-normal single-spin asymmetry at near forward angles in elastic electronnucleon scattering. In the leading-order approximation, this asymmetry is proportional to the imaginary part of the two-photon exchange (TPE) amplitude, which can be expressed as an integral over the doubly virtual Compton scattering (VVCS) tensor. We develop a model that parametrizes the VVCS tensor for the case of near forward scattering angles. Our parametrization ensures a proper normalization of the imaginary part of the TPE amplitude on the well-known forward limit expression, which is given in terms of nucleon structure functions measurable in inelastic electron-nucleon scattering experiments. We discuss applicability limits of our theory and provide target-normal single-spin asymmetry predictions for both elastic electron-proton and electron-neutron scattering. * koshchii@gwmail.gwu.edu 1 The separation of a photon's phase space into the "soft" and "hard" regions is ambiguous. The most common conventions are those of Tsai [9] and Maximon and Tjon [10].

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this approach cannot be used to describe other datapoints of Ref. [41], which were taken at lower Q 2 . The electroproduction amplitudes calculation of Ref.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Target-normal single-spin asymmetry in elastic electron-nucleon scattering

Koshchii

Afanasev

2018

Phys. Rev. D

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“…The target asymmetry is sensitive to the imaginary part ofG E ,G M andF 3 that conserve the lepton helicity, and is of order O(α) ∼ 10 −2 . A measurement of the target asymmetry was reported in Ref [54]. The beam transverse spin asymmetry is sensitive to the imaginary part of the electron helicity-flip amplitudesF 3,4,5 [55] and is of the order of α · (m e /E) ∼ 10 −6 for electron beam energy E in GeV range.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Two-Photon Exchange via the Beam Transverse Single Spin Asymmetry in Electron-Proton Elastic Scattering at Forward Angles over a Wide Energy Range

Gou¹,

Arvieux²,

Aulenbacher³

et al. 2020

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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We report on a new measurement of the beam transverse single spin asymmetry in electron-proton elastic scattering, A ep ⊥ , at five beam energies from 315.1 MeV to 1508.4 MeV and at a scattering angle of 30 • < θ < 40 • . The covered Q 2 values are 0.032, 0.057, 0.082, 0.218, 0.613 (GeV/c) 2 . The measurement clearly indicates significant inelastic contributions to the two-photon-exchange (TPE) amplitude in the low-Q 2 kinematic region. No theoretical calculation is able to reproduce our result. Comparison with a calculation based on unitarity, which only takes into account elastic and πN inelastic intermediate states, suggests that there are other inelastic intermediate states such as ππN, KΛ and ηN. Covering a wide energy range, our new high-precision data provide a benchmark to study those intermediate states.PACS numbers: 13.60. Fz, 11.30.Er, 13.40.Gp As a probe of hadron structure, electron scattering has two advantages: the structurelessness of the electron and the smallness of the electromagnetic coupling (α ≈ 1/137). The small coupling allows to expand the scattering amplitude in powers of α and to interpret experiments within the one-photon-exchange (Born) approximation. This leading order approximation enables a straightforward extraction of the electromagnetic form factors with the Rosenbluth separation technique [1]. For a precise extraction of the form factors it is necessary to include higher order quantum corrections [2,3]. Importantly, most of those corrections do not alter the Rosenbluth formula in that they contribute an overall factor to the cross section.The contribution that is expected to break this pattern [4,5] is the two-photon-exchange (TPE) diagram depicted in Fig. 1. For a long time the TPE effects have eluded direct experimental searches [6][7][8]. The situation changed when a striking discrepancy between the Rosenbluth separation [9, 10] and the polarization transfer [11?-13] data on the proton form factor ratio µ p G E /G M was observed. To evaluate the TPE corrections one needs to model the doubly-virtual Compton scattering (VVCS) in the most general kinematics. This involves calculating the two-current correlator with inclusive hadronic intermediate states. The full account of the inclusive intermediate states contribution can be made in the limited nearforward kinematics [15]. Beyond the forward kinematics, it is only possible to account for the elastic [16][17][18][19] or the pion-nucleon (πN) [20] intermediate state contributions.The theoretical framework for calculating the TPE contributions plays an important role in evaluating the two-boson-exchange corrections to precision low-energy tests of the Standard Model (SM) in the electroweak sector. The proton polarizability contribution to the fine structure of light muonic atoms stems from the TPE diagram and is a substantial ingredient [21] in the proton radius puzzle, the 7σ discrepancy in the value of the proton charge radius extracted from hydrogen spectroscopy [22] and electron-proton (ep) scattering [23] on one hand, an...

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