Measurement of the mutation rates of animal viruses: influenza A virus and poliovirus type 1

Parvin, Jeffrey D.; Moscona, Anne; Pan, Weilan; Leider, Jason; Palese, Peter

doi:10.1128/jvi.59.2.377-383.1986

Cited by 259 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…Another approach is to simultaneously express multiple shRNAs. The mutation rate of influenza virus is estimated to be mutations/nucleotide/infection cycle [15]. If 4 Ϫ5 1.5 ϫ 10 shRNAs are expressed simultaneously, the probability of the emergence of a resistant virus can be reduced to 1 resistant virus/ virions.…”

Section: Technologies For Developing Influenza-resistant Poultrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Strategy to Prevent Influenza Virus Infections in Animals

Chen

Stern

et al. 2008

J INFECT DIS

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The natural reservoirs of influenza viruses are aquatic birds. After adaptation, avian viruses can acquire the ability to infect humans and cause severe disease. Because domestic poultry serves as a key link between the natural reservoir of influenza viruses and epidemics and pandemics in human populations, an effective measure to control influenza would be to eliminate or reduce influenza virus infection in domestic poultry. The development and distribution of influenza-resistant poultry represents a proactive strategy for controlling the origin of influenza epidemics and pandemics in both poultry and human populations. Recent developments in RNA interference and transgenesis in birds should facilitate the development of influenza-resistant poultry.

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Section: Technologies For Developing Influenza-resistant Poultrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Strategy to Prevent Influenza Virus Infections in Animals

Chen

Stern

et al. 2008

J INFECT DIS

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“…It was estimated that the frequency at which RTs or RdRps introduce mutations into a newly synthesized nascent strand ranges from 10 À2 to 10 À6 mutations per incorporated nucleotide. [88][89][90][91] Theoretically, this means that as many as 100 nucleotides can be incorporated incorrectly during one replication cycle of a genome approximately 10 4 nucleotides in length. However, the accuracy with which viral polymerase copies genomic molecules also depends on RNA primary and secondary structure.…”

Section: Error-prone Replicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is approximately 10 À4 -10 À5 mutation per incorporated nucleotide. [88][89][90][91] For some retroviruses it was noted that mutation frequency measured in the in vitro systems is usually higher than in vivo. This indicates that there may exist hypothetical cellular factors increasing replication precision.…”

Section: Error-prone Replicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The remaining mutations, that is: frameshifts, simple deletions, deletions with insertions, and duplications are definitely more rare. [89][90][91][92][93][94][95] For example, the conducted in vivo studies revealed the following distribution of point mutations within the HIV genome: substitutions, 81%; frameshifts, 13%; deletions, 4%; deletions with insertion, 2%. [93][94][95] The putative mechanisms for introduction of some mutation types are shown in Figure 4.…”

Section: Error-prone Replicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic variability: The key problem in the prevention and therapy of RNA‐based virus infections

Figlerowicz

Alejska

Kurzyńska-Kokorniak

et al. 2003

Medicinal Research Reviews

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Despite extraordinary progress that has recently been made in biomedical sciences, viral infectious diseases still remain one of the most serious world health problems. Among the different types of viruses, those using RNA as their genetic material (RNA viruses and retroviruses) are especially dangerous. At present there is no medicine allowing an effective treatment of RNA-based virus infections. Many RNA viruses and retroviruses need only a few weeks to escape immune response or to produce drug-resistant mutants. This seems to be the obvious consequence of the unusual genetic variability of RNA-based viruses. An individual virus does not form a homogenous population but rather a set of similar but not identical variants. In consequence, RNA-based viruses can easily adapt to environmental changes, also those resulting from immune system response or therapy. The modifications identified within viral genes can be divided into two groups: point mutations and complex genome rearrangements. The former arises mainly during error-prone replication, whereas RNA recombination and generic reassortment are responsible for the latter. This article shortly describes major strategies used to control virus infections. Then, it presents the various mechanisms generating the genetic diversity of RNA-based viruses, which are most probably the main cause of clinical problems.

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“…Its genome consists of single stranded, negative sense RNA composed of eight seg ments that encode 10 or 11 proteins [1]. The virulence of AIV results in part from its ability to escape from protective immunity by antigenic drifts [2] and shifts [3]; consequently, existing vaccines have only a limited value. And although many antiviral drugs have been approved for treatment and or prophylaxis of influ enza, their use is limited because of potentially severe side effects and the possible emergence of resistant viruses [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening efficient siRNAs in vitro as the candidate genes for chicken anti-avian influenza virus H5N1 breeding

et al. 2010

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The frequent disease outbreaks caused by avian influenza virus (AIV) not only affect the poultry industry but also pose a threat to human safety. To address the problem, RNA interference (RNAi) has recently been widely used as a potential antiviral approach. Transgenesis, in combination with RNAi to spe cifically inhibit AIV gene expression, has been proposed to make chickens resistant to avian influenza. For the transgenic breeding, screening the efficient siRNAs in vitro as the candidate genes is one of the most important tasks. Here, we combined an online search tool and a series of bioinformatics programs with a set of rules for designing the siRNAs targeting different mRNA regions of AIV H5N1 subtype. By this method we chose five rational siRNAs, constructed five U6 promoter driven shRNA expression plasmids contained the siRNA genes, and used these to produce stably transfected Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Data from virus titration, IFA, PUI stained flow cytometry, real time quantitative RT PCR and DAS ELISA analyses showed that all five stably transfected cell lines were effectively resistant to viral replication when exposed to 100 CCID 50 of AIV, and we finally chose the most effective plasmids (pSi 604i and pSi 1597i) as the candidates for making the transgenic chickens. These findings provide baseline information for breeding transgenic chickens resistant to AIV in combination with RNAi.

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Measurement of the mutation rates of animal viruses: influenza A virus and poliovirus type 1

Cited by 259 publications

References 31 publications

Genetic Strategy to Prevent Influenza Virus Infections in Animals

Genetic Strategy to Prevent Influenza Virus Infections in Animals

Genetic variability: The key problem in the prevention and therapy of RNA‐based virus infections

Screening efficient siRNAs in vitro as the candidate genes for chicken anti-avian influenza virus H5N1 breeding

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