Measurement of SLAP2 and GISPδ¹⁷O and proposed VSMOW-SLAP normalization forδ¹⁷O and¹⁷O_excess

Calibrated high-precision <sup>17</sup>O-excess measurements using cavity ring-down spectroscopy with laser-current-tuned cavity resonance

“…which yields δ 17 O assigned SLAP = −29.6986 ‰, well within the error of published measurements (Barkan and Luz, 2005;Kusakabe and Matsuhisa, 2008;Lin et al, 2010;Schoenemann et al, 2013) after normalization to the associated δ 18 O values Schoenemann et al (2013).…”

Water vapor δ2H, δ18O and δ17O measurements using an off‐axis integrated cavity output spectrometer – sensitivity to water vapor concentration, delta value and averaging‐time

“…These results comparable to those reported using CRDS [10] and conventional IRMS [22] techniques. The precision across all concentrations ranged from 0.099‰ to 0.430‰, 0.009‰ to 0.080‰ and 0.022‰ to 0.054‰ for δ 2 H, δ 18 O and δ 17 O, respectively, which is comparable to previous liquid water results based on OA-ICOS [9,23,25,31] and CRDS [10] techniques.…”

“…In addition, Sturm and Knohl [23] (model DLT-100, version March 2009, O with increasing concentration (10000-25000 ppm) is similar to that reported by Strum & Knohl [23] . The SLAP2 δ 18 O accuracy trend is also consistent with that reported by Rambo et al [25] , all concentration ranges is also comparable to that measured by Schoenemann et al [22] (0.75‰-1.63‰; 0.17‰-0.36‰) using a conventional IRMS technique. [23] , which reported similar relationships between precision and concentration for δ O reported here are much better than the previous results using a WVIA instrument [25] (model WVIA-24, the precision was ±3.0‰ for δ 2 H and ±0.3‰ for δ 18 O from 6000 ppm to 22000 ppm) and LWIA [31] instruments (model DLT-100, version 908-0008 and 908-0008-2000).…”

“…In addition, the technique requires water to be converted to O2 rather than CO2 or CO, which is a laborious process [19][20][21] . As a result, δ 17 O measurements derived from the IRMS technique are complicated, expensive and timeconsuming, and can only be done in a small number (< 10) of laboratories worldwide [9,10,21,22] .…”

“…For instance, Barkan and Luz [21] as well as Schoenemann et al [22] measured two international water standards (Greenland Ice Sheet Precipitation, GISP and Standard Light Arctic Precipitation, SLAP/SLAP2) from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) using a conventional IRMS technique. Berman et al [9] measured GISP utilizing a Triple Isotope Water Analyzer (TIWA) relying on the Off-Axis Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy (OA-ICOS) technique.…”