Measurement of salivation by Aedes aegypti (L.) feeding on a living host

Devine, T. L.; Venard, Carl E.; Myser, Willard C.

doi:10.1016/0022-1910(65)90082-x

Cited by 24 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The median C t values obtained from positive saliva expectorates were significantly higher than those from positive excreta samples obtained from individual mosquitoes. This is not surprising, since the volume of fluid excreted by mosquitoes is higher than what they expectorate (~1.5 μl [ 45 ] vs 4.7 nl [ 41 ]). This difference was not observed in batches of mosquitoes, possibly because there was more than one mosquito expectorating onto each filter paper card, potentially increasing the amount of viral RNA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mosquito excreta: A sample type with many potential applications for the investigation of Ross River virus and West Nile virus ecology

et al. 2018

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BackgroundEmerging and re-emerging arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) cause human and animal disease globally. Field and laboratory investigation of mosquito-borne arboviruses requires analysis of mosquito samples, either individually, in pools, or a body component, or secretion such as saliva. We assessed the applicability of mosquito excreta as a sample type that could be utilized during studies of Ross River and West Nile viruses, which could be applied to the study of other arboviruses.Methodology/Principal findingsMosquitoes were fed separate blood meals spiked with Ross River virus and West Nile virus. Excreta was collected daily by swabbing the bottom of containers containing batches and individual mosquitoes at different time points. The samples were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR or cell culture enzyme immunoassay. Viral RNA in excreta from batches of mosquitoes was detected continuously from day 2 to day 15 post feeding. Viral RNA was detected in excreta from at least one individual mosquito at all timepoints, with 64% and 27% of samples positive for RRV and WNV, respectively. Excretion of viral RNA was correlated with viral dissemination in the mosquito. The proportion of positive excreta samples was higher than the proportion of positive saliva samples, suggesting that excreta offers an attractive sample for analysis and could be used as an indicator of potential transmission. Importantly, only low levels of infectious virus were detected by cell culture, suggesting a relatively low risk to personnel handling mosquito excreta.Conclusions/SignificanceMosquito excreta is easily collected and provides a simple and efficient method for assessing viral dissemination, with applications ranging from vector competence experiments to complementing sugar-based arbovirus surveillance in the field, or potentially as a sample system for virus discovery.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mosquito excreta: A sample type with many potential applications for the investigation of Ross River virus and West Nile virus ecology

et al. 2018

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“…Mosquitoes such as Ae. aegypti salivate an average of 4.7 nL during the blood feeding process [21] but the amount of viral particles transmitted by a vector is highly variable depending on the technique used for detection [6], [7], [22], [23], [24]. The amount of virus inoculated by a mosquito while feeding on a live host could be ∼600 fold higher than that recovered during an in vitro capillary tube assay [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chikungunya Virus and Aedes Mosquitoes: Saliva Is Infectious as soon as Two Days after Oral Infection

et al. 2009

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Background Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are potential vectors of chikungunya virus (CHIKV). The recent CHIKV outbreaks were caused by a new variant characterized by a mutation in the E1 glycoprotein gene (E1-226V) which has favored a better transmissibility by Ae. albopictus. As Ae. albopictus tends to replace Ae. aegypti in many regions, one question remained: is Ae. albopictus as efficient as Ae. aegypti to transmit the variant E1-226V of CHIKV?Methodology and FindingsWe infected orally both species with the variant E1-226V and estimated the infection, the viral dissemination, and the transmission rate by real time RT-PCR. Additionally, we used an in vitro assay to determine the amount of virus delivered by mosquitoes in their saliva. We found that Ae. aegypti as well as Ae. albopictus ensured a high replication of the virus which underwent an efficient dissemination as detectable in the salivary glands at day 2 post-infection (pi). Infectious CHIKV particles were delivered by salivary glands from day 2 with a maximum at day 6 pi for Ae. albopictus (103.3 PFU) and day 7 pi for Ae. aegypti (102.5 PFU).Conclusions Ae. albopictus is slightly more efficient than Ae. aegypti to transmit the variant E1-226V of CHIKV. These results will help to design an efficient vector control to limit transmission as soon as the first human cases are diagnosed.

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“…[17][18][19] Novak and others 20 collected only 2 nL of saliva from Ae. aegypti over a 10-minute period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase–polymerase Chain Reaction Quantification of West Nile Virus Transmitted by Culex Pipiens Quinquefasciatus

Vanlandingham

Schneider

Klingler

et al. 2004

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Transmission experiments are a critical component of vector competence studies. In this study, a real-time reverse transcriptase−polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to enumerate the amount of West Nile virus (WNV) secreted in mosquito saliva following oral infection. Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus were allowed to feed on WNV-infected blood, and saliva was collected on days 14 and 21 post-infection (pi). The amount of virus at these two time points varied significantly, with mean equivalent plaque-forming units (pfu) of approximately 30,500 on day 14 pi and 5,800 on day 21 pi. Individual mosquitoes secreted up to 2 × 10 5 pfu of virus. Titer of whole mosquitoes and immunofluorescence assay of salivary glands from mosquitoes collected at these two time points were also used for supplemental comparison. This report describes the first use of a real-time RT-PCR to quantify the amount of WNV in mosquito saliva.

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Measurement of salivation by Aedes aegypti (L.) feeding on a living host

Cited by 24 publications

References 8 publications

Mosquito excreta: A sample type with many potential applications for the investigation of Ross River virus and West Nile virus ecology

Mosquito excreta: A sample type with many potential applications for the investigation of Ross River virus and West Nile virus ecology

Chikungunya Virus and Aedes Mosquitoes: Saliva Is Infectious as soon as Two Days after Oral Infection

Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase–polymerase Chain Reaction Quantification of West Nile Virus Transmitted by Culex Pipiens Quinquefasciatus

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