Measurement of positively and negatively charged particles inside PMSE during MIDAS SOLSTICE 2001

Smiley, B.; Robertson, Scott; Horányi, M.; Blix, T. A.; Rapp, Markus; Latteck, R.; Gumbel, J.

doi:10.1029/2002jd002425

Cited by 42 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…Havnes et al (1996) flew a Faraday cup through NLC and found negative particles but also positive particles in number densities too large to be accounted for by the standard plasma charging model. Positive particles have also been observed by detectors of different designs Smiley et al, 2003) and in the absence of NLC conditions (Gelinas et al, 1998;Rapp et al, 2005;Amyx et al, 2008). The possibility of photoelectric charging has been considered (Havnes et al, 1990;Rapp and Lübken, 1999), but this would require a reduction of the work function of ice by easily-ionized impurities such as sodium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Mass analysis of charged aerosol particles in NLC and PMSE during the ECOMA/MASS campaign

et al. 2009

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Abstract. MASS (Mesospheric Aerosol Sampling Spectrometer) is a multichannel mass spectrometer for charged aerosol particles, which was flown from the Andøya Rocket Range, Norway, through NLC and PMSE on 3 August 2007 and through PMSE on 6 August 2007. The eight-channel analyzers provided for the first time simultaneous measurements of the charge density residing on aerosol particles in four mass ranges, corresponding to ice particles with radii <0.5 nm (including ions), 0.5-1 nm, 1-2 nm, and >3 nm (approximately). Positive and negative particles were recorded on separate channels. Faraday rotation measurements provided electron density and a means of checking charge density measurements made by the spectrometer. Additional complementary measurements were made by rocket-borne dust impact detectors, electric field booms, a photometer and ground-based radar and lidar. The MASS data from the first flight showed negative charge number densities of 1500-3000 cm −3 for particles with radii >3 nm from 83-88 km approximately coincident with PMSE observed by the ALWIN radar and NLC observed by the ALOMAR lidar. For particles in the 1-2 nm range, number densities of positive and negative charge were similar in magnitude (∼2000 cm −3 ) and for smaller particles, 0.5-1 nm in radius, positive charge was dominant. The occurrence of positive charge on the aerosol particles of the smallest size and predominately negative charge on the particles of largest size suggests that nucleCorrespondence to: S. Knappmiller (knappmil@colorado.edu) ation occurs on positive condensation nuclei and is followed by collection of negative charge during subsequent growth to larger size. Faraday rotation measurements show a bite-out in electron density that increases the time for positive aerosol particles to be neutralized and charged negatively. The larger particles (>3 nm) are observed throughout the NLC region, 83-88 km, and the smaller particles are observed primarily at the high end of the range, 86-88 km. The second flight into PMSE alone at 84-88 km, found only small number densities (∼500 cm −3 ) of particles >3 nm in a narrow altitude range, 86.5-87.5 km. Both positive (∼2000 cm −3 ) and negative (∼4500 cm −3 ) particles with radii 1-2 nm were detected from 85-87.5 km.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Mass analysis of charged aerosol particles in NLC and PMSE during the ECOMA/MASS campaign

et al. 2009

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“…In subsequent campaigns, several investigations have provided further evidence for the existence of negatively charged aerosol particles in PMSE (e.g. Havnes et al 2001;Smiley et al 2003;Rapp et al 2009). Concerning positively charged particles there seem to be further indications that they do exist (Mitchell et al , 2003Smiley et al 2003), however, our current understanding of these measurements is far from being conclusive: While it was shown in the laboratory by Vondrak et al (2006) that ice particles with a surface contamination with as little as 0.02 monolayers of sodium atoms could potentially charge positively by photoemission in the rare event of the fresh metal input from a rather large meteoroid, Havnes and Naesheim (2007) have recently argued that the positive charge observed during the original flight in 1994 was likely created by secondary charging effects inside their instrument.…”

Section: Charged Particle Measurements In Pmse-environmentsmentioning

confidence: 98%

News from the Lower Ionosphere: A Review of Recent Developments

Friedrich

Rapp

2009

Surv Geophys

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Current knowledge concerning the lower ionosphere (D-and E-region) is reviewed with an emphasis on new aspects of empirical results. Starting with an overview of experimental techniques and corresponding data bases, both regarding charged as well as the most relevant neutral constituents of this altitude range, the ionospheric variability is discussed both concerning regular (e.g. diurnal and seasonal) as well as irregular variations (e.g. driven by the variability of nitric oxide). We then turn to 'new players' in the lower ionosphere, i.e. charged aerosol particles such as mesospheric ice particles in noctilucent clouds or polar mesospheric summer echoes and meteor smoke particles originating from ablated meteoric matter. These species have received considerable attention in recent years, in part because it is speculated that observations of their properties might be useful for the detection of climate change signals. The available experimental data base regarding these species is reviewed and we show that there is now compelling evidence for the ubiquitous presence of these very heavy charge carriers throughout the lower ionosphere. While many fundamental details regarding these charged species are not yet completely understood, this emphasizes that charged aerosol particles may not be neglected in a comprehensive treatment of the lower ionospheric charge balance and related phenomena. Finally, we close with suggestions for future research.

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“…We know today that visual and subvisual dust can exist at polar latitudes during the summer when the temperature near the mesopause is low (Havnes et al, 1996;Croskey et al, 2001;Smiley et al, 2003). For the small dust below several nanometers in diameter we have only theoretical, unconfirmed estimates of 'smoke' particles formed by evaporated material from meteorites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%