Measurement of orientation crystallization rates of linear polymers by means of dynamic X-ray diffraction technique. II. Frequency dispersion of strain-induced crystallization coefficient of natural rubber vulcanizates in subsonic range

Hiratsuka, Hiroaki; Hashiyama, Mitsuaki; Tomita, Seisuke; Kawai, Hiromichi

doi:10.1080/00222347308245796

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Using a stroboscopic technique, several studies showed that the crystallinity under cyclic dynamic conditions is lower in comparison to the same strain under static conditions [4,5,6,7,8]. In our previous works, we followed the strain-induced crystallization under dynamic cyclic loading in real time and showed that the crystallinity at a crack tip is reduced under dynamic load [3,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Kinetics of strain-induced crystallization in natural rubber: A diffusion-controlled rate law

Brüning

Schneider

Roth

et al. 2015

Polymer

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Kinetics of strain-induced crystallization in natural rubber: A diffusion-controlled rate law

Brüning

Schneider

Roth

et al. 2015

Polymer

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“…They subsequently used it to study SIC of NR. 103,104 To the author's knowledge, these studies are the only published ones concerning SIC evolution measured by WAXD during a fatigue test on NR. However, this work is limited to a high R ratio (λ min = 3.5 and λ max = 4.5) for which crystallites never melt (λ min is greater than the critical stretch ratio for crystallites fusion).…”

Section: E Fatiguementioning

confidence: 99%

Strain-Induced Crystallization of Natural Rubber: A Review of X-Ray Diffraction Investigations

Huneau

2011

Rubber Chemistry and Technology

207

149

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Strain-induced crystallization of natural rubber was discovered in 1925 by the means of x-ray diffraction and has been widely investigated by this technique until today. The studies devoted to the structure of the crystalline phase of natural rubber are first reviewed. This structure is strongly anisotropic and can be related to the exceptionally good strength and fatigue properties of this material. The relationships between strain-induced crystallization of natural rubber and its mechanical response, during static or tension-retraction tests, are also reviewed and discussed; in particular, the hysteresis of the stress-strain curve is mainly explained by strain-induced crystallization. The kinetics of crystallization under both static and cyclic deformation is also discussed, as well as the influence of different factors, depending either on material composition (crosslink density, carbon black fillers) or on external parameters (temperature, strain rate. . . )

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“…Since then, the stroboscopic technique was applied by several investigators. Kawai et al , reported that crystallization is in phase with stress and not with strain. Using different phase shifts between the stretching of the sample and the stroboscopic shutter, they were able to probe the evolution of crystallinity over the complete deformation cycle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of Strain-Induced Crystallization in Natural Rubber Studied by WAXD: Dynamic and Impact Tensile Experiments

et al. 2012

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The time-dependence of strain-induced crystallization in cross-linked natural rubber was studied using synchrotron wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) with an unprecedented time resolution in the ms range. In-situ dynamic mechanical tests and tensile impact tests were carried out. In tensile impact tests, consisting of a strain step within less than 10 ms, it was found that roughly half of the crystallization process was complete within less than 5 ms, provided the strain is large enough. Afterward, crystallization proceeded on a time scale of a few seconds. This implies that under dynamic loading at frequencies which are typically encountered in the application of rubbers, the degree of crystallinity is considerably lower than under equilibrium conditions. This was directly confirmed by in situ dynamic cyclic experiments at a frequency of approximately 1 Hz. Since crystallization is a major factor contributing to the outstanding mechanical properties of natural rubber, these findings can aid in the interpretation and prediction of the frequency-dependence of mechanical properties.

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Measurement of orientation crystallization rates of linear polymers by means of dynamic X-ray diffraction technique. II. Frequency dispersion of strain-induced crystallization coefficient of natural rubber vulcanizates in subsonic range

Cited by 15 publications

References 15 publications

Kinetics of strain-induced crystallization in natural rubber: A diffusion-controlled rate law

Kinetics of strain-induced crystallization in natural rubber: A diffusion-controlled rate law

Strain-Induced Crystallization of Natural Rubber: A Review of X-Ray Diffraction Investigations

Kinetics of Strain-Induced Crystallization in Natural Rubber Studied by WAXD: Dynamic and Impact Tensile Experiments

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