Measurement of Local Thermal Deformations in Heterogeneous Microstructures via SEM Imaging with Digital Image Correlation

Guo, Shi; Sutton, Michael A.; Li, N.; Li, X. D.; Wang, L. W.; Rajan, Sreehari

doi:10.1007/s11340-016-0206-6

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Therefore, for multimaterial samples, such as microelectronical components, it could potentially be more challenging to attain a highly homogeneous pattern, locally, over the different materials. Note that a continuous thin film of, for example, titanium could be added underneath the InSn pattern to alleviate this concern, although care should be taken that such a continuous film can sustain the deformation of the underlying specimen inside localisation or damage zones.…”

Section: Discussion: Applicability Of the Patterning Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

One‐step deposition of nano‐to‐micron‐scalable, high‐quality digital image correlation patterns for high‐strain in‐situ multi‐microscopy testing

Hoefnagels

Maris

Vermeij

2019

Strain

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Digital image correlation (DIC) is of vital importance in the field of experimental mechanics, yet producing suitable DIC patterns for demanding in-situ (micro) mechanical tests remains challenging, especially for ultrafine patterns, despite the large number of patterning techniques reported in the literature. Therefore, we propose a simple, flexible, one-step technique (only requiring a conventional physical vapour deposition machine) to obtain scalable, high-quality, robust DIC patterns, suitable for a range of microscopic techniques, by deposition of a low-melting temperature solder alloy in the so-called island growth mode, without elevating the substrate temperature. Proof of principle is shown by (near-)room temperature deposition of InSn patterns, yielding highly dense, homogeneous DIC patterns over large areas with a feature size that can be tuned from as small as~10 nm to~2 μm and with control over the feature shape and density by changing the deposition parameters. Pattern optimisation, in terms of feature size, density, and contrast, is demonstrated for imaging with atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, optical profilometry, and optical microscopy. Moreover, the performance of the InSn DIC patterns and their robustness to large deformations is validated in two challenging case studies of in-situ micromechanical testing: (a) self-adaptive isogeometric digital height correlation of optical surface height profiles of a coarse, bimodal InSn pattern providing microscopic 3D deformation fields (illustrated for delamination of Al stretchable interconnects on a PI substrate) and (b) DIC on scanning electron microscopy images of a much finer InSn pattern allowing quantification of high strains near fracture locations (illustrated for rupture of a polycrystalline Fe foil). As such, the high controllability, performance, and scalability of the DIC patterns, created by island growth of a solder alloy, offer a promising step towards more routine DIC-based in-situ micromechanical testing.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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Section: Discussion: Applicability Of the Patterning Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

One‐step deposition of nano‐to‐micron‐scalable, high‐quality digital image correlation patterns for high‐strain in‐situ multi‐microscopy testing

Hoefnagels

Maris

Vermeij

2019

Strain

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“…A body that does not absorb all incident radiation emits less total radiation than a black body and is characterized by an emissivity ε. Then its radiative flux can be expressed by (8) Practically, most of the engineering materials are considered as the gray body which is idealized to possess constant emissivity over all wavelengths and temperatures. Here, concerning the current issue of IR image correlation, the emissivity is assumed to be invariant during the material deformation for a given physical point.…”

Section: The Objective Of the Image Correlation Is To Determine A Tramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They permit the experimental assessment of strain and temperature fields that, in a conventional sense, can only be numerically simulated using, for instance, finite element method (FEM). It should be emphasized that these optical methods do not have stringent requirements on the experimental conditions as the traditional interferometric approaches, and they can be applied to a broad range of spatial resolution from macroscale to microscale [8][9][10]. Thanks to these advantageous features, the DIC and IRT methods have been successfully used in the study of material deformation behaviors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous assessment of Lagrangian strain and temperature fields by improved IR-DIC strategy

Wang

Liu

Jiang

2017

Optics and Lasers in Engineering

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This paper focuses on the development of a novel digital image correlation strategy based on infrared imaging (IR-DIC) for realizing simultaneous assessment of Lagrangian strain and temperature fields. A major difficulty in the IR-DIC is the evolution of the thermal field during deformation that is unexpected in the image correlation. Two solutions are proposed to tackle this difficulty. The first solution is to utilize a high-pass filter to eliminate the variation part of the thermal signal, and the second solution is to employ an advanced metric, the mutual information, as the correlation criterion. Both methods are verified through a tensile test performed on a notched specimen. The estimated displacement and strain fields demonstrate well the desirable performance of the proposed methods. Thanks to the kinematic field assessment, the obtained thermal fields can be described in the Lagrangian coordinate system, thus the temperature evolution of the material points during deformation can be followed effectively.

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“…However, the immersion into the NP suspension (consisting of aggressive chemicals) can easily damage biological and other delicate specimens. Furthermore, the procedure needs significant modification based on the surface material properties [30,31], thereby impeding the possibility of a homogeneous pattern on heterogeneous (multiphase or multi-material) specimens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, other notable small-scale patterning techniques reported in the literature include Focused Ion Beam (FIB) or Focused Electron Beam (FEB) assisted Pt-dot deposition [32,33] and E-beam lithography [13,31,34]. These techniques result in very high quality patterns and the patterning reproducibility is specimen material independent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cool, Dry, Nano-scale DIC Patterning of Delicate, Heterogeneous, Non-planar Specimens by Micro-mist Nebulization

Shafqat

2021

Exp Mech

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Background: Application of patterns to enable high-resolution Digital Image Correlation (DIC) at the small scale (μm/nm) is known to be very challenging as techniques developed for the macro- and mesoscale, such as spray painting, cannot be scaled down directly. Moreover, existing nano-patterning techniques all rely on harsh processing steps, based on high temperature, chemicals, physical contact, liquids, and/or high vacuum, that can easily damage fragile, small-scale, free-standing and/or hygro-sensitive specimens, such as MEMS or biological samples. Objective: To present a straightforward, inexpensive technique specially designed for nano-patterning highly delicate specimens for high-resolution DIC. Methods: The technique consists in a well-controlled nebulized micro-mist, containing predominantly no more than one nanoparticle per mist droplet. The micro-mist is subsequently dried, resulting in a flow of individual nanoparticles that are deposited on the specimen surface at near-room temperature. By having single nanoparticles falling on the specimen surface, the notoriously challenging task of controlling nanoparticle-nanoparticle and nanoparticle-surface interactions as a result of the complex droplet drying dynamics, e.g., in drop-casting, is circumvented. Results: High-quality patterns are demonstrated for a number of challenging cases of physically and chemically sensitive specimens with nanoparticles from 1 μm down to 50 nm in diameter. It is shown that the pattern can easily be scaled within (and probably beyond) this range, which is of special interest for micromechanical testing using in-situ microscopic imaging techniques, such as high-magnification optical microscopy, optical profilometry, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, etc. Conclusions: Delicate specimens can conveniently be patterned at near-room temperature ($\sim $ ∼ 37 ∘C), without exposure to chemicals, physical contact or vacuum, while the pattern density and speckle size can be easily tuned.

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Measurement of Local Thermal Deformations in Heterogeneous Microstructures via SEM Imaging with Digital Image Correlation

Cited by 19 publications

References 39 publications

One‐step deposition of nano‐to‐micron‐scalable, high‐quality digital image correlation patterns for high‐strain in‐situ multi‐microscopy testing

One‐step deposition of nano‐to‐micron‐scalable, high‐quality digital image correlation patterns for high‐strain in‐situ multi‐microscopy testing

Simultaneous assessment of Lagrangian strain and temperature fields by improved IR-DIC strategy

Cool, Dry, Nano-scale DIC Patterning of Delicate, Heterogeneous, Non-planar Specimens by Micro-mist Nebulization

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