“…In the modulated photothermal radiometry (MPR), a sample is heated by an intensity-modulated laser to probe into different depths of the sample and its surface temperature response is measured with an infrared (IR) detector [24,26]. We have previously established the MPR technique for high-temperature measurements of bulk and thin coating samples, by using a refractory black coating for laser absorption and IR surface thermometry [25]. In this work, we applied the MPR technique for in-situ thermal conductivity measurement of flowing fluids within a pipe.…”