Measurement of antirotavirus IgM/IgA/IgG responses in the serum samples of Indian children following rotavirus diarrhoea and their mothers

Ray, Pratibha G.; Kelkar, Shobhana D.

doi:10.1002/jmv.20020

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…These poor antibody responses were most likely due to the presence of relatively high titers of maternal IgG in the acute-phase sera of these infants that inhibited rotavirus infection in the gut. These observations further suggest that multiple infections are needed to induce high levels of antibody response in natural infection (14,34,37) and support the present immunization regimen of multiple doses to maximize immunity and protection. Second, while both IgA and IgG could be used to measure seroconversions and IgA has been the choice for determination of the antibody response to candidate vaccines in clinical trials, our findings indicate that IgG is the best indicator of seroconversion and, if it is present at critical levels, is a more reliable proxy for protection against severe disease, regardless of its origin (the mother or acute virus infection).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Serum Antibody Responses in Children with Rotavirus Diarrhea Can Serve as Proxy for Protection

Dennehy

Keyserling

et al. 2005

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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We examined sera from 42 patients 1 to 30 months of age for rotavirus immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgA, IgG, and IgG subclasses and sought to determine if serum antibody could serve as a reliable marker for prediction of disease severity. Infants in the first few months of life usually had high maternal IgG titers and, when they were infected with rotavirus, had low IgM titers or no IgM in acute-phase sera and poor seroconversions 3 weeks later, suggesting that maternal antibodies had inhibited viral replication and antibody responses. All patients >6 months of age had IgM in acute-phase sera, indicating that IgM is a good marker for acute rotavirus infection. IgG was the best overall predictor of an infection, as the convalescent-phase sera of 81% of the patients had a fourfold rise in the IgG titer. IgA titers in convalescent-phase sera and conversion rates were higher among patients >12 months of age than among children younger than 12 months. IgG1 was the predominant subclass detected in the acute-phase sera of some children and in all 28 convalescent-phase serum samples examined. Patients with preexisting acute-phase IgG titers of >100 or >200 had diarrhea that was less severe or of a shorter duration. These results indicate that serum IgG is the most reliable marker for seroconversion and is a consistent proxy for protection against severe disease.Previous studies have demonstrated that children infected with rotavirus develop systemic and local immune responses and are protected from severe disease upon reinfection (5, 6, 22, 38). However, our understanding of the true correlates of protection, essential for vaccine development, and the mechanisms of protection is still incomplete. At present, antibodies are generally considered a good marker for infection and a proxy for protection, but which antibodies (intestinal or serum, or both) are needed for protection remains unclear (25). While local immunity in the gut is believed to play a key role in protection, measurement of a local immune response in children is a challenge. Coproantibodies are subject to proteolytic degradation and are not considered a reliable marker for infection, and intestinal fluids are difficult to obtain from children, so we are left with measuring serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) titers as a proxy for local immunity (7,18,25,36). Because of differences among the reagents and assays used in different laboratories and the lack of detailed clinical information concerning individual patients in most studies (4,12,13,24,30,32,37), diverse opinions exist about the responses and roles of serum antibodies in children with acute rotavirus diarrhea.IgG is the most abundant Ig isotype and constitutes approximately 80% of the total Igs in human sera. The four IgG subclasses, IgG1 to IgG4, have different physiochemical, biological, and functional properties, such as the ability to activate complements (IgG1 and IgG3) and to cross the placenta and mediate opsonization of antigens by macrophages and neutrophils (IgG1, IgG3, and IgG4) (16). Measurement of...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Serum Antibody Responses in Children with Rotavirus Diarrhea Can Serve as Proxy for Protection

Dennehy

Keyserling

et al. 2005

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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“…2, 6, 8, 9, 10) of child patients may have undergone sub-clinical infection acquired from their children, showing higher Nab titer than in control population even in serum samples collected after two years. Such a finding has been reported earlier from NIV, Pune [Ray and Kelkar, 2004a].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Unexpected detection of simian SA11—human reassortant strains of rotavirus G3P[8] genotype from diarrhea epidemic among tribal children of Western India

Awachat

Kelkar

2005

Journal of Medical Virology

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This investigation is in continuation with the earlier studies on diarrhea epidemic due to rotavirus, that occurred at Jawhar western India, among tribal children during Dec 2000-Jan 2001 published by National Institute of Virology, Pune. Three rotavirus strains were isolated in cell culture from fecal specimens of affected children. Monoclonal antibody ELISA and RT-PCR typed the isolates as G3P [8]. Two isolates agglutinated guinea pig erythrocytes thereby indicating their animal origin. Antiserum against simian G3, SA11 neutralized both the isolates largely than antiserum against human G3 (YO). Nucleotide sequencing of VP7 gene, nested PCR product of three isolates, and two original fecal specimens showed 100% identity with both simian G3, SA11 prototype and ROSVP7, SA11 strains whereas, lower identity (82%) with human G3 (YO) strain. Partial sequence analysis of the VP4 gene of fecal specimen FS-006964 & isolate I-006964 showed 99% identity with G1P[8] strain, while 80% identity with simian G3P[2], SA11 strain. Thus, the strains appeared to be reassortants between human and simian origin. Serological studies further supported the identity of the causative agent as simian G3, SA11 like strains. Neutralizing antibody titers at very low level against simian G3, SA11 as well as human G3 (YO) strains among the population at Jawhar suggested an overall lack of immunity against the virus. Seroconversion against simian G3, SA11 was shown by six out of seven child patients. Thus, simian G3, SA11 like strains are claimed for the first time as etiological agents of diarrhea in humans.

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“…However, child's mother (C1) showed twofold seroconversion to simian G3, SA11, and G9 and developed high rotavirus specific IgA levels, indicating subclinical infection. Such subclinical infections in mothers through their children having rotavirus diarrhea have been reported [Ray and Kelkar, 2004b]. The present study signifies the role of emerging G9 serotype rotavirus in causing diarrhea among adults.…”

supporting

confidence: 73%

Dual infection due to simian G3—human reassortant and human G9 strains of rotavirus in a child and subsequent spread of serotype G9, leading to diarrhea among grandparents

Awachat

Kelkar

2005

Journal of Medical Virology

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Cultivation of rotavirus from day 1 and 3 fecal specimens of a child yielded simian SA11-human reassortant, G3P [8] and AU32 like G9P [8] rotavirus strains, respectively. Diarrhea developed in the grandfather by sheer hospital visits, and in the grandmother, after wiping the vomit of the grandfather. AU32 like G9 strains were isolated from the grandparents also. Rotavirus specific IgM developed in all the three patients. A fourfold rise in G9 neutralizing antibodies was observed in the child and grandmother. The child's mother had asymptomatic rotavirus infection. The study highlights the potential of G9 serotype to spread from children to adults. J. Med. Virol. 78:134-138, 2006. ß 2005 KEY WORDS: rotavirus; adult diarrhea; simian G3 SA11-human reassortant; G9 serotype; dual infection Group A rotavirus is known as the major cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea in infants. More than 90% of children get rotavirus infection by 3 years of age. Generally, group A rotavirus is a common cause of pediatric diarrhea but less common among adults, who appear to undergo rotavirus infections mostly with minimal or no clinical manifestations [Kapikian et al., 2001]. On the contrary, group B rotavirus was involved in epidemics of severe gastroenteritis in China, which led to large outbreaks mainly among adults although children were also affected.Studies in the late 1970s and 1980s showed the presence of symptomatic rotavirus infections in adults, particularly in the elderly [Wenman et al., 1979;Cubitt and Holzel, 1980;Marrie et al., 1982;Hrdy, 1987]. Group A rotavirus has also been documented as the cause of adult diarrhea outbreaks in hospitals, nursing homes, travelers, geriatric wards, isolated communities, and families including children and adults participating in playgroup [Bishop, 1994;Kapikian et al., 2001]. In a 4 year study between 1996 and 1999 carried out both on hospitalized and out patients in Japan, group A rotavirus was detected in 97(14%) of 683 adult patients with diarrhea suggesting the importance of this disease in adults may be highly underestimated [Nakajima et al., 2001]. It has been reported that, as children can be infected by rotavirus through older siblings or adults in contact, at times parents may also be infected from children undergoing rotavirus diarrhea due to group A rotavirus [Kapikian et al., 2001].Rotavirus serotypes involved in few outbreaks have been identified in the recent studies. G1 serotype was the etiological agent in an outbreak which lasted for 3 weeks that occurred in a psychiatric nursing home for adults in Hungary [Banyai et al., 2002]. Between November 1998 and December 2000, three/263 gastroenteritis outbreaks among adults in United States were associated with rotavirus serotype G2 [Griffin et al., 2002]. Similarly, the etiological agent responsible for two gastroenteritis outbreaks among children and adults in Japan was serotype G2 [National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 2000a,b]. Rotaviruses were detected in seven gastroenteritis outbreaks, in aged care facilities i...

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Measurement of antirotavirus IgM/IgA/IgG responses in the serum samples of Indian children following rotavirus diarrhoea and their mothers

Cited by 15 publications

References 39 publications

Serum Antibody Responses in Children with Rotavirus Diarrhea Can Serve as Proxy for Protection

Serum Antibody Responses in Children with Rotavirus Diarrhea Can Serve as Proxy for Protection

Unexpected detection of simian SA11—human reassortant strains of rotavirus G3P[8] genotype from diarrhea epidemic among tribal children of Western India

Dual infection due to simian G3—human reassortant and human G9 strains of rotavirus in a child and subsequent spread of serotype G9, leading to diarrhea among grandparents

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