Measurement of ammonia emissions after liquid manure application: I. Construction of a windtunnel system for measurements under field conditions

Braschkat, J.; Mannheim, Thomas; Horlacher, Dieter; Marschner, H.

doi:10.1002/jpln.19931560503

Cited by 33 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The wind tunnel closely mimicked external air temperature and RH. 62 In two (experiments 1 and 2, no rainfall) of four field studies, the wind tunnel and IHF values were very close (Table 5). 52 With rainfall, compared with IHF, the wind tunnel overestimated ammonia loss by 29% (Table 5, experiment 3), whereas, under still conditions, at the minimum wind tunnel air speed of 0.3 m/sec, the wind tunnel ammonia losses were higher by 477% (Table 5, experiment 4).…”

Section: Important Enclosure Studiesmentioning

confidence: 76%

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Measuring Ammonia Concentrations and Emissions from Agricultural Land and Liquid Surfaces: A Review

Shah

Westerman

Arogo

2006

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Section: Important Enclosure Studiesmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…To avoid repositioning the wind tunnel with changing wind direction, Braschkat et al 62 drew in and exhausted air vertically from their wind tunnel. The external and internal WSs, as measured at a "reference" height could be matched closely, manually or automatically.…”

Section: Important Enclosure Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Ammonia Concentrations and Emissions from Agricultural Land and Liquid Surfaces: A Review

Shah

Westerman

Arogo

2006

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…Matching the air velocity to ambient wind speed considerably enhances the quantitative measurement of NH 3 volatilization (Ryden and Lockyer 1985;Braschkat, et al, 1993).…”

Section: Measurement Of Ammonia Volatilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the labour requirements to regularly manually adjust wind speed (Ryden and Lockyer, 1985), and the technical complexity and cost required for automatic adjustment (Braschkat et al, 1993) are important practical considerations.…”

Section: Measurement Of Ammonia Volatilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaseous nitrogen losses and ammonia volatilization measurement following land application of cattle slurry in the mid-Atlantic region of the USA

Thompson

Meisinger

2005

Plant Soil

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To provide locally-determined field data for extension and environmental management purposes, gaseous N losses were measured following cattle slurry application to an arable silty-loam soil in the mid-Atlantic region of the USA. The field had been cropped to no-till maize. NH 3 volatilization was measured with the micro-meteorological, integrated horizontal flux (IHF) method, and denitrification with a core incubation method using acetylene inhibition. An early-winter surface application (5 December 1996; 88 m 3 ha −1 supplying 91 kg NH + 4 -N ha −1 ) was either unincorporated or immediately incorporated. NH 3 volatilization was measured from the unincorporated application, and denitrification from both slurry treatments and appropriate control soils. Total NH 3 loss from the unincorporated slurry application was 19% of applied NH + 4 -N; temperatures were cool (4-6 • C), and 25 mm of rain fell within 24 h of application. For 3 months, enhanced denitrification occurred from the two slurry treatments, with generally higher rates from the incorporated slurry. Total net denitrification loss from the surface-applied and incorporated slurry treatments was, respectively, 11 and 17% of applied NH + 4 -N. Denitrification loss over the winter/early-spring period was appreciable but not substantial, even where NH 3 volatilization was restricted by immediate incorporation. From the spring application (30 April 1997, 39 m 3 ha −1 supplying 51 kg NH + 4 -N ha −1 ), total NH 3 loss was 71% of applied NH + 4 -N. These NH 3 volatilization loss data and the similarity of climate suggest that NH 3 loss factors from recent NW European work are likely to be generally applicable in the mid-Atlantic region. NH 3 volatilization from the spring application was also measured using the Z-instrument (Z INST ) approach, and with a system of small wind tunnels. A comparative assessment of the three methods is reported.

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“…Various methods for determining NH 3 emissions in the field exist. The most common are micrometeorological methods (Ferguson et al, 1988; Generemont et al, 1998) or wind tunnels (Braschkat et al, 1993), the first involving large homogeneously fertilized areas, the latter rather expensive technical equipment. Because NH 3 emissions are strongly influenced by highly variable environmental factors such as temperature, wind speed, and precipitation it is indispensable to test a series of application techniques simultaneously to determine useful mitigation strategies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Application Technique and Slurry Co‐Fermentation Effects on Ammonia, Nitrous Oxide, and Methane Emissions after Spreading

2002

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Ammonia emissions after spreading animal manure contribute a major share to N losses from agriculture. There is an increasing interest in anaerobic co-digestion of liquid manure with organic additives. This fermentation results in a change of physical and chemical parameters of the slurry. Among these are an increased pH and ammonium content, implying a higher risk of NH3 losses from fermentation products. To compare different application techniques and the effect of fermentation on NH3 volatilization, we used the standard comparison method and tested it for reliability. This method seems to be perfectly suited for experiments with a large number of treatments and replicates if prerequisites concerning the experimental layout are considered. We tested four different application techniques on arable and grassland sites. The more the substrate was incorporated into the soil or applied near the soil surface on the grassland site, the less NH3 was lost. Injection of the substrate reduced losses to less than 10% of applied NH4+ on both sites, whereas losses after splash plate application amounted to more than 30%. Trail shoe application on grassland performed as well as injection. Harrowing on arable land also reduced emissions efficiently, if harrowing occurred within the first 2 h after application. Emissions from trail hose-applied co-fermentation product were not greater than from unfermented slurry. Better infiltration of the less viscous substrate seemed to have compensated for the increased loss potential.

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Measurement of ammonia emissions after liquid manure application: I. Construction of a windtunnel system for measurements under field conditions

Cited by 33 publications

References 7 publications

Measuring Ammonia Concentrations and Emissions from Agricultural Land and Liquid Surfaces: A Review

Measuring Ammonia Concentrations and Emissions from Agricultural Land and Liquid Surfaces: A Review

Gaseous nitrogen losses and ammonia volatilization measurement following land application of cattle slurry in the mid-Atlantic region of the USA

Application Technique and Slurry Co‐Fermentation Effects on Ammonia, Nitrous Oxide, and Methane Emissions after Spreading

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