Measuring Ammonia Concentrations and Emissions from Agricultural Land and Liquid Surfaces: A Review

Shah, Sanjay B.; Westerman, P. W.; Arogo, J.

doi:10.1080/10473289.2006.10464512

Cited by 47 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…A number of studies using dynamic chamber measurements (Aneja et al 2000;Blunden and Aneja 2008) have led to higher emission estimates than found by micrometeorological measurements (Harper and Sharpe 1998;Harper et al 2000Harper et al , 2004bHarper et al , 2010. Doorn et al (2002b) pointed out that studies with dynamic chambers led to emission factors 2.3 times higher than studies with micrometeorological techniques, while others (Shah et al 2006;Rochette et al 1992;Harper 2005;Harper et al 2010; stated that chamber techniques are not even suitable for developing emission factors as they create conditions at the water surface that overestimate NH 3 emissions. Based on all of the evidence (Harper et al 2000(Harper et al , 2004bWeaver et al 2012) and discussions regarding the physical chemistry of highly anaerobic systems (van Clemput 1972(van Clemput , 1997, it seems very plausible that NH 3 emissions from lagoons are lower than indicated by current emission factors and a significant fraction of N is emitted as N 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dinitrogen and methane gas production during the anaerobic/anoxic decomposition of animal manure

Harper¹,

Weaver

Visscher³

2014

Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst

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Trace-gas emissions from animal feeding operations (AFOs) can contribute to air quality and global change gases. Previous and current estimated gas emissions from AFOs vary widely and many do not consider all forms of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) emissions. Studies have found that as methanogenesis in the lagoons increased, conversion of ammonium (NH 4 ? ) to dinitrogen (N 2 ) also increased. The purpose of this research was to measure N 2 and CH 4 emissions from swine AFOs in three locations of the U.S. and to evaluate the possible universal relationship between lagoon methanogenesis and the conversion of NH 4 ? to N 2 gas. This relationship was tested by measuring N 2 and CH 4 emissions in two climates at 22 different farms. Methanogenesis was correlated with NH 4 ? -to-N 2 conversion by a nearconstant N 2 to CH 4 emissions ratio of 0.20, regardless of C loading and climatic effects. The process is shown to be thermodynamically favored when there is competition between NH 4? oxidizing reactions. Under methanogenic conditions (redox potentials of methanogenesis) N 2 production is favorable and nitrification/denitrification is not. Thus, N 2 production is stimulated in methanogenic conditions. Evaluation of NH 3 gas emissions from AFOs must consider other N emissions than NH 3 . Finally, a statistical model was developed to estimate methane and N 2 emissions (kg gas ha -1 ) given feed input per lagoon surface area (kg feed ha -1 ) and local air temperature. Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms involved in manure processing and isolate the favorable mechanisms into engineering improved manure processing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dinitrogen and methane gas production during the anaerobic/anoxic decomposition of animal manure

Harper¹,

Weaver

Visscher³

2014

Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst

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“…Furthermore, as it is used indoors, temperature is not affected by solar radiation (Shah et al, 2006b). A chamber with these characteristics may thus be deemed appropriate to measure emissions from animals and manure.…”

Section: Chamber Design and Operationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chambers offer four advantages: easy replication, comparison of treatments, there are no site restrictions and are relatively inexpensive (Shah et al, 2006b). The chambers usually enclose a small area (0.1 to 0.2 m 2 ), which may be a restriction when studying heterogeneous emitting sources, for example, open field emissions (Meissinger et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical Note: A flux chamber for measuring gas emissions from rabbits

Estellés¹,

Calvet²,

Blumetto³

et al. 2010

World rabbit sci.

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Estación Experimental Las Brujas. Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria. Ruta 48 -km. 10. Rincón del Colorado. 90200 cAnElonEs. Uruguay. ABSTRACT:Atmospheric pollution related to gas emissions from livestock production has become an issue of increasing interest. International commitments bind countries to provide annual reports on national emissions, however there is a lack of information regarding the estimation of emissions from rabbit farms. There are several methodologies available to measure gas emissions, the fl ux chamber technique being one of the most commonly used. In this study, a fl ux chamber was designed to measure emissions from small farm animals and their manure, as well as the methodology to calculate ventilation fl uxes appropriate for each experiment. After the chamber was constructed, two experiments were carried out to test its operation, design and construction. Firstly, carbon dioxide emissions from fattening rabbits were measured for 24 and 48 h. Emissions from fattening rabbit manure were then measured for one-hour periods. The operation of the fl ux chamber was satisfactory during both experiments and notes were taken of possible improvements in performance through future research. Recommendations for its use are also summarized.

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“…Furthermore, as it is used indoors, the temperature is not affected by solar radiation (Shah et al, 2006b). For these reasons, a chamber with these characteristics may be deemed appropriate to measure emissions from animals and manure.…”

Section: Chamber Design and Operationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chambers offer four advantages: easy replication, comparison among treatments, no site restrictions, and relatively inexpensive cost (Shah et al, 2006b). These chambers usually enclose a small area (0.1 to 0.2 m2), which may be a restriction when studying heterogeneous emitting sources, for example, open field emissions (Meissinger et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and evaluation of methods for the measurement of airborne emissions form animal houses

Estellés¹

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Insanity: doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results. Albert EinsteinThe most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds new discoveries, is not 'Eureka!' (I found it!) but 'That's funny. Isaac AsimovCon mis maestros he aprendido mucho; con mis colegas, más; con mis alumnos todavía más. Proverbio hindú SummaryAirborne emissions from livestock production are nowadays one of the major concerns of this activity. For this reason, the reduction of these emissions is a requirement in many countries. The development of abatement techniques for the reduction of emissions needs for accurate knowledge about their magnitude. Emission measurement techniques arise then as a key issue. The development of measurement techniques considering not only the accuracy of the results but also the optimization of resources is needed. In this sense, in this thesis a tool and three options for the rationalization on the use of resources when measuring airborne emissions are investigated. The tool is the uncertainty analysis and the three options are: downscaling measurements, indirect measurement of airflow rates and reduction of sampling rates. In this thesis, theoretical and practical studies were conducted to determine the suitability of these techniques to obtain reliable data from more rational measurements on airborne emissions. Firstly, an uncertainty model was developed in order to assess the trustworthiness of the results when determining N 2 and N 2 O emissions from a biological scrubber using a combined N-balance in air and water. This model was later partially validated throughout an experimental work in a chemical scrubber. The uncertainty model and the experimental work agreed in the key results of both studies, finding that N-balances were not successful for the proposed aims. Secondly, a flux chamber for the measurement of gas emissions from rabbits was designed and built. A measuring protocol for gas emissions from both animals and their manure was also developed. This chamber was later used to determine the CO 2 emission rate from fattening rabbits during the whole fattening cycle. Using this CO 2 emission rate from fattening rabbits, the carbon dioxide balance was tested as an option to determine the ventilation rate from fattening rabbit houses. The results of these balances were compared with direct measurements of ventilation rates finding no statistical differences. Finally, the effect of reducing sampling when measuring ammonia emissions from livestock facilities was evaluated. Emissions calculated using semi-continuous measurements of NH 3 concentrations and airflow rates were compared with emissions calculated on 24-hour average values for these parameters. The error committed with these low time-resolution measurements resulted to be low in comparison with other error sources committed when measuring emissions from livestock facilities. The main conclusion of this work is that there are available techniques that allow optimizing the use of resources of measurement pro...

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Measuring Ammonia Concentrations and Emissions from Agricultural Land and Liquid Surfaces: A Review

Abstract: Aerial ammonia concentrations (C g ) are measured using acid scrubbers, filter packs, denuders, or optical methods.

Cited by 47 publications

References 74 publications

Dinitrogen and methane gas production during the anaerobic/anoxic decomposition of animal manure

Dinitrogen and methane gas production during the anaerobic/anoxic decomposition of animal manure

Technical Note: A flux chamber for measuring gas emissions from rabbits

Development and evaluation of methods for the measurement of airborne emissions form animal houses

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