Measurement, Determinants, and Implications of Energy Intake in Athletes

Holtzman, Bryan; Ackerman, Kathryn E.

doi:10.3390/nu11030665

Cited by 26 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 86 publications

(163 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…EI and EA were not measured in these studies. Continued LEA has been shown to reduce bone density in both male and female athletes (Holtzman and Ackerman, 2019). The BMD in the previous study of elite distance athletes was 1.3 g/ cm 2 , even though the mean EA was 21 kcal/kg FFM/day, which was classified as LEA (Heikura et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Energy Intake Deficiency Promotes Bone Resorption and Energy Metabolism Suppression in Japanese Male Endurance Runners: A Pilot Study

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

It has been reported that male athletes face increased risk for low energy availability and resulting health consequences similar to female athletes. The present study aimed to reveal the energy status of Japanese male runners and to examine the association between energy deficiency and physiological characteristics such as energy metabolism, bone health, and hormonal status. Six male collegiate long-distance runners during a training season participated in this study. Energy intake (EI) was assessed using 3-day dietary records with food pictures. Exercise energy expenditure (EEE) was determined by the HR-VO2 method. Body composition and bone status were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Energy availability (EA) was calculated by subtraction of EEE from EI and normalized by fat-free mass (FFM). Energy balance (EB) was calculated EI minus estimated total energy expenditure (TEE). Resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured by indirect calorimetry using the Douglas bag technique, and blood sampling was conducted to assess hormonal status. The mean EA of the subjects was 18.9 ± 6.8 kcal/kg FFM/day, and severe negative EB (range: −1444 ~ −722 kcal/d) was observed. REE of four runners was suppressed, and moreover, bone resorption was promoted in all subjects. The data in our study suggested that energy deficiency could promote bone resorption and energy metabolism suppression in Japanese male endurance runners. Additional short- and long-term studies are needed to clarify the health risks caused by energy deficiency in male athletes and explore strategies to prevent health problems related to energy deficiency in long-distance runners.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Energy Intake Deficiency Promotes Bone Resorption and Energy Metabolism Suppression in Japanese Male Endurance Runners: A Pilot Study

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The findings of this study suggest that inadequate intake is not a result of a lack of knowledge about increased energy demands. Numerous other physiological barriers have been identified [ 25 ]. Future studies should further explore these barriers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food Choice Decisions of Collegiate Division I Athletes: A Qualitative Exploratory Study

Eck

Byrd‐Bredbenner

2021

Nutrients

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Limited research has examined athletes’ food and health beliefs and decisions and the congruence of these decisions with recommendations from nutrition professionals. This study aimed to improve understanding of athletes’ food-related beliefs and practices to enable nutrition professionals to more effectively enhance performance while protecting athletes’ health. Division I college athletes (n = 14, 64% female) from a variety of sports were recruited to participate in 20-min semi-structured phone interviews about food and nutrition-related behaviors and cognitions. Data were content analyzed to identify themes and trends. Prominent factors influencing athletes’ food choices were potential benefits to health and performance, availability of foods, and recommendations from sports dietitians. Foods commonly consumed by athletes, including fruits, vegetables, and lean protein, were generally healthy and aligned with sports nutrition recommendations. Athletes avoided energy-dense nutrient-poor foods, such as fast food and fried foods, with the goal of improving performance. Some athletes took supplements (i.e., multivitamin, iron, protein) on the premise that they would improve health and enhance performance or recovery. While athletes’ nutrition behaviors are generally congruent with current recommendations, findings highlighted misconceptions held by athletes related to the benefits of some supplements and the belief that packaged/processed foods were inherently less healthy than other options. Nutrition misconceptions held by athletes and incongruities between athletes’ nutrition knowledge and behaviors suggest that dietitians should aim to dispel misconceptions held by athletes and provide additional guidance and information to support athletes’ current healthful behaviors to ensure these behaviors extend beyond their college athletic career.

show abstract

“…Numerous other physiological barriers have been identi ed. 27 Future studies should further explore these barriers. Other studies have reported discrepancies between athletes perceived and actual intake, 28,29 which may in part explain the inconsistency between knowledge and behavior.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food Choice Decisions of Collegiate Division I Athletes: Qualitative Interviews

Eck

Byrd‐Bredbenner

2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Limited research has examined athletes’ food and health beliefs and decisions and the congruence of these decisions with recommendations from nutrition professionals. This study aimed to improve understanding of athletes’ food-related beliefs and practices to enable nutrition professionals to more effectively enhance performance while protecting athletes’ health. Methods Division I college athletes (n = 14, 64% female) from a variety of sports were recruited to participate in 20-minute semi-structured phone interviews about their food and nutrition-related behaviors and cognitions. Data were content analyzed to identify themes and trends. Results Prominent factors that influenced athletes’ food choices were potential benefits to health and performance, availability of foods, and recommendations from sports dietitians. Foods commonly consumed by athletes, including fruits, vegetables, and lean protein, were generally healthy and aligned with sports nutrition recommendations. Athletes reported avoiding energy-dense nutrient-poor foods, such as fast food and fried foods, with the goal of improving performance. Some athletes took supplements (i.e., multivitamin, iron, protein) on the premise that they would improve health and enhance performance or recovery. Conclusions While athletes’ nutrition behaviors are generally congruent with current recommendations, findings highlighted misconceptions held by athletes related to the benefits of some supplements, and the belief that packaged/processed foods were inherently less healthy than other options. Nutrition misconceptions held by athletes and incongruities between athletes’ nutrition knowledge and behaviors suggest that dietitians should aim to dispel nutrition misconceptions held by athletes and provide additional guidance and information to support athletes’ current healthful behaviors to ensure these behaviors extend beyond their college athletic career.

show abstract

Measurement, Determinants, and Implications of Energy Intake in Athletes

Cited by 26 publications

References 86 publications

Energy Intake Deficiency Promotes Bone Resorption and Energy Metabolism Suppression in Japanese Male Endurance Runners: A Pilot Study

Energy Intake Deficiency Promotes Bone Resorption and Energy Metabolism Suppression in Japanese Male Endurance Runners: A Pilot Study

Food Choice Decisions of Collegiate Division I Athletes: A Qualitative Exploratory Study

Food Choice Decisions of Collegiate Division I Athletes: Qualitative Interviews

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About