Measurement-Based Characterization of 39 GHz Millimeter-Wave Dual-Polarized Channel Under Foliage Loss Impact

Abstract

This paper presents a measurement-based analysis of wideband 39 GHz millimeter wave (mm-wave) dual-polarized propagation channel under the impact of foliage presence between a transmitter (Tx) and a receiver (Rx). The measurements were conducted in a rich-vegetation area, and the so-called direction-scan-sounding (DSS) method which rotates a horn antenna in angular domains was applied, aiming at investigating the direction-of-arrival (DoA)-dependent characteristics of polarimetric channels. Four Tx-to-Rx polarization configurations were considered, including co-polarization scenarios with vertical Tx-polarization to vertical Rx-polarization (VV) and horizontal to horizontal (HH), as well as crosspolarization with vertical to horizontal (VH) and horizontal to vertical (HV), which allow scrutinizing the differences in delay-direction dispersion for usually-encountered scenarios. A foliage loss model for various vegetation depths in VV polarization configuration, was also presented in this paper. The results show that the foliage-loss DoA spectra for VH and HV are similar, while the spectra exhibit less penetration loss in most directions for VV than for the HH. Furthermore, the presence of vegetation between the Tx and the Rx leads to larger dispersion in delay compared to the clear line-of-sight (LoS) scenario, particularly for vertical polarization in the Tx side, and additionally, the foliage presence also results in evident DoA dispersion, specially in the HV scenario. Selectivity in directions caused by foliage is more significant in verticallypolarized Tx scenarios than in the horizontally-polarized Tx scenarios. A statistical model is established summarizing these comparison details.

Vegetation Loss at D-Band Frequencies and New Vegetation-Dependent Exponential Decay Model

“…Averaged AS values for an azimuthal scanning range of -60 to 60 at frequency 140 GHz are reported in Table III. For environments 3, 4, 5, 6, and 10, the AS ranges from 13 to 15 , which is in line with the values for vertically copolarized measurements reported in [32]. For environments 11 and 12, the average AS is 5.9 and 7.9 , respectively.…”

“…For distances ranging from 10 m to 20 m, the Weissberger model predicts a vegetation loss ranging from 21 dB to 32 dB, the CCIR model predicts an vegetation loss from 28 dB to 42 dB, and the COST235 model predicts a vegetation loss ranging from 25 dB to 30 dB. The measured vegetation loss is is also lower than the FITU-R model and lower than the reported value of 20.8 dB for distances around 10 m, reported in [32]. Due to the small wavelength corresponding to D-band frequencies, the vegetation cannot be considered a homogeneous medium and a lower vegetation loss is observed.…”

“…Zhang et al present a site-specific model at 28 GHz for forest environments [31], using the foliage area and fitting specific attenuation for different area boundaries. Lv et al create an exponential model based on measurements at 39 GHz [32]. Zhang et al characterize a vegetated suburban environment at 28 GHz and 39 GHz for 5G mmWave communication [33], reporting that vegetation results in a high delay and angular spread.…”

Mobility Support for Millimeter Wave Communications: Opportunities and Challenges

“…1) Channel Measurements: Extensive channel measurements help to understand the physical characteristics of mmWave bands, which are also essential for channel modeling and system design. However, many measurement campaigns were conducted in quasi-static scenarios [144]- [148], and consequently the channel data collected failed to characterize With the progress in measurement theory and hardware design, several mobility-aware measurements in mmWave bands were carried out recently, and the performed measurement campaigns are listed in Table VII. In this table, the mobility patterns are divided into three types according to the mobility of TXs and RXs as well as scatters, specifically, 1) monomobility: one of TXs, RXs, and scatters is mobile; 2) dualmobility: two of them are mobile, and 3) multi-mobility: more than two of them are mobile.…”

Embedded Propagation Graph Model for Reflection and Scattering and Its Millimeter-Wave Measurement-Based Evaluation

“…The channel sounder was constructed using a programmable network analyzer (PNA), a computer, a storage disk, oscillators, frequency doublers, amplifiers, band-pass filter and a low noise amplifier. Detailed information about the channel sounder can be found in [36], [37]. Two 39 GHz omniantennas were used in both Tx and Rx sides.…”