Measurement and analysis of evaporation from an inactive outdoor swimming pool

Smith, Charles C.; Löf, G.O.G.; Jones, Randy

doi:10.1016/s0038-092x(94)90597-5

Cited by 70 publications

(48 citation statements)

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“…Surface winds reduce the boundary layer of water saturated air that sits directly above the surface water and retards the evaporation rate. The American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) have published an evaporation rate that empirical model for evaporation rates using the terms discussed above (Smith et al, 1994).…”

Section: Calculation Algorithm (Base Case)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study by the Department of Energy concluded that the ASHRAE equation was more accurate if A was taken as 68 (instead of 95) and if B was taken as 32 (instead of 37.4) (Smith, 1992). Assuming (i) a wind velocity (v) of 5 mph, (ii) a pond temperature of 25°C (77 F), (iii) an ambient air temperature of 90 F and (iv) a relative humidity of 20%, P w is 0.936 00 Hg, the air dew point temperature is 6°C or 42 F and P a is 0.309 00 Hg, and H v is 1050.5 BTU lb À1 .…”

Section: Calculation Algorithm (Base Case)mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Bio-oil from photosynthetic microalgae: Case study

Cooney

Young

Pate

2011

Bioresource Technology

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Section: Calculation Algorithm (Base Case)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Calculation Algorithm (Base Case)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-oil from photosynthetic microalgae: Case study

Cooney

Young

Pate

2011

Bioresource Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Demands on freshwater supplies for industrial, agricultural and human needs make important the ability to predict evaporation rates from inland bodies of water such as reservoirs and lakes [1][2][3][4], ponds [5], cooling impoundments [6], swimming pools [7], and livestock ponds [8]. The focus of the present study is evaporation from a water surface where natural convection is the dominant transport mechanism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study of the Sherwood–Rayleigh relation for water undergoing natural convection-driven evaporation

Bower

Saylor

2009

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

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“…Robust indoor/controlled environment evaporation models can be employed and their output/s can be compared to the measured data if desired. One such model that can be employed is provided by Smith et al [10]:…”

Section: Methods and Implementation Equipmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative methods for the reduction of evaporation: practical exercises for the science classroom

et al. 2012

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Across the world, freshwater is valued as the most critically important natural resource, as it is required to sustain the cycle of life. Evaporation is one of the primary environmental processes that can reduce the amount of quality water available for use in industrial, agricultural and household applications. The effect of evaporation becomes intensified especially during conditions of drought, particularly in traditionally arid and semi-arid regions, such as those seen in a number of countries over the past 10 years. In order to safeguard against the influence of droughts and to save water from being lost to the evaporative process, numerous water saving mechanisms have been developed and tested over the past century. Two of the most successful and widely used mechanisms have included floating hard covers and chemical film monolayers. This paper describes a laboratory based project developed for senior high school and first year university classes, which has been designed to introduce students to the concepts of evaporation, evaporation modelling and water loss mitigation. Specifically, these ideas are delivered by simulating the large-scale deployment of both monolayers and floating hard covers on a small water tank under numerous user defined atmospheric and hydrodynamic conditions, including varying surface wind speeds and underwater bubble plumes set to changing flow rates. 2 INTRODUCTIONEvaporation is the process of a substance changing from a liquid to a vapour phase at the liquid surface at a temperature below its boiling point [1]. The rate of evaporation occurring across the surface of any given water body is affected by various factors, which include: relative humidity (atmospheric water vapour loading), wind velocity and fetch, solar radiation input, air temperature, water surface area, surrounding land uses and also the apparent influence of wide scale climatological events influenced by changes in the global climate [2]. Existing evaporation mitigation techniques are continually being designed, developed and implemented to better protect water from evaporation processes in order to ensure that one of our most valuable natural resources is saved for the benefit of future generations. Three such evaporation mitigation techniques that have recently been re-evaluated and tested for real-world deployment are bubble plume systems, chemical film monolayers and floating hard covers.

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Measurement and analysis of evaporation from an inactive outdoor swimming pool

Cited by 70 publications

References 1 publication

Bio-oil from photosynthetic microalgae: Case study

Bio-oil from photosynthetic microalgae: Case study

A study of the Sherwood–Rayleigh relation for water undergoing natural convection-driven evaporation

Alternative methods for the reduction of evaporation: practical exercises for the science classroom

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