Measured and perceived indices of fluid balance in professional athletes. The use and impact of hydration assessment strategies

Love, Thomas D.; Baker, Dane; Healey, Phil; Black, Katherine

doi:10.1080/17461391.2017.1418910

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…Many attempts have been made to improve the hydration status of active individuals [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. According to the American College of Sports Medicine’s position stand, fluids containing sodium should be slowly ingested leading up to activity to help retain fluids, so that athletes maintain euhydration with normal electrolyte levels [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Nuun Electrolyte Tablets on Fluid Balance in Active Men and Women

Pence

2020

Nutrients

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Background: Maintaining adequate hydration is important for overall health and has major implications for athletes involved in physically demanding tasks. While water is viewed as an effective means to rehydrate, and is inexpensive and readily available, electrolyte beverages appear to be more beneficial, in particular for athletes who routinely lose electrolytes through sweating. Nuun tablets contain a mix of electrolytes and are quickly dissolved in water to create an electrolyte-rich beverage. We determined the impact of Nuun tablets on the fluid balance of healthy, exercise-trained men and women at rest. Methods: Eight men (25.9 ± 4.5 yrs) and 10 women (28.2 ± 9.4 yrs) ingested either water only or water with Nuun electrolyte tablets, at both a single and double strength concentration, in random order, on three separate occasions separated by approximately one week, in a fasted and euhydrated state. A total of 1 liter of fluid was ingested at each visit over a 30 minute period. Urine was collected from each subject at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours post-ingestion. Urine mass values were used to calculate fluid balance and the beverage hydration index (BHI; i.e., the volume of urine produced after drinking the Nuun beverages, relative to that of water only—control condition). Heart rate and blood pressure were measured throughout the four-hour period, while body weight was measured at the start and end of the experiment. Results: Neither heart rate nor blood pressure were impacted by beverage consumption. Nuun tablets resulted in a lower urine output compared to water, with fluid balances for both concentrations more favorable compared to water (p < 0.05), beginning at 2 h post-ingestion and continuing at the 3 h and 4 h times. Body weight loss was less with Nuun at the single dose (0.38 kg; p = 0.02) and double dose (0.43 kg; p = 0.08), compared to water (0.57 kg). The BHI was higher for Nuun (single dose in particular) compared to water at both 2 h (p = 0.05) and 4 h (p = 0.02). Conclusion: The addition of Nuun electrolyte tablets to water improves the fluid balance and BHI in healthy men and women. Results were similar for both concentrations, suggesting that additional electrolytes are not necessary when in a rested state. Future studies should determine the impact of various concentrations of the Nuun beverage during physical exercise—in particular, exercise in the heat, when sweat loss may be highest.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Nuun Electrolyte Tablets on Fluid Balance in Active Men and Women

Pence

2020

Nutrients

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“…Team sport practice studies described in Table 1 [12,16,17] provide evidence that considerable sweat losses can be expected during formal collegiate or professional team practices. Further inquiry into each of these three studies also reveals vast cases of athletes with high urine specific gravity values associated without inadequate fluid replacement between practices [39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once identified the extra step of determining approximate sweat losses per practice for those athletes indicating most need for intervention can be initiated. Team sport athletes can drink significant volumes of fluid during practice [12,16,17] which may make the sweat loss estimation process a little more complex and highlights the need to selectively incorporate this approach for time and staff efficiency with large teams. Many team sport athletes have individual bottles assigned to drink out of during practices.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite what is most likely the sample with the greatest resources to nutritional education and the only study with professional athletes, Love et al [ 17 ] found elite rugby players displayed no distinctive edge in estimating sweat losses compared to recreational or collegiate athletes ( Table 1 , Figure 1 and Figure 2 ). To the contrary, the average underestimation percentage was higher than all other studies excluding the group of collegiate, male rugby players ( Table 1 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No additional published articles were discovered. Data from nine published investigations [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] in which sweat loss was estimated were shared by current authors through personal communication. A new spreadsheet database was created for comprehensive analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Post-Exercise Sweat Loss Estimation Accuracy of Athletes and Physically Active Adults: A Review

OʼNeal

Boy

Davis

et al. 2020

Sports

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The main purposes of this review were to provide a qualitative description of nine investigations in which sweat losses were estimated by participants following exercise and to perform a quantitative analysis of the collective data. Unique estimations (n = 297) were made by 127 men and 116 women after a variety of exercise modalities in moderate to hot environmental conditions. Actual sweat loss exceeded estimated sweat loss (p < 0.001) for women (1.072 ± 0.473 vs. 0.481 ± 0.372 L), men (1.778 ± 0.907 vs. 0.908 ± 0.666 L) and when all data were combined (1.428 ± 0.806 vs. 0.697 ± 0.581 L), respectively. However, estimation accuracy did not differ between women (55.2 ± 51.5%) and men (62.4 ± 54.5%). Underestimation of 50% or more of sweat losses were exhibited in 168 (54%) of estimation scenarios with heavier sweaters displaying a higher prevalence and trend of greater underestimations in general. Most modern guidelines for fluid intake during and between training bouts are based on approximate sweat loss estimation knowledge. These guidelines will likely have minimal efficacy if greater awareness of how to determine sweat losses and accurate recognition of sweat losses is not increased by coaches and athletes.

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Skin‐Interfaced Microfluidic System with Machine Learning‐Enabled Image Processing of Sweat Biomarkers in Remote Settings

Baker

Seib²,

Barnes

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Technologies

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Dehydration has many deleterious effects on cognitive and physical performance as well as physiological function, in the context of sports, industrial work, clinical rehabilitation, and military applications. Because sweat loss and electrolyte loss vary across individuals, conventional sweat testing strategies using absorbent patch techniques are employed in laboratory settings to characterize sweat biomarkers; however, these techniques are not suitable for remote environments. Here, an updated wearable microfluidic sweat testing system targeted for recreational athletes is presented that includes a microfluidic patch accommodating a broad range of sweating rates, and a smartphone app incorporating digital image processing algorithms to enable real‐time analysis under different lighting conditions and patch orientations. Expansive field trials (n = 148 subjects) show significant correlations between the microfluidic patch and standard absorbent patch in measuring sweating rate and sweat chloride concentration during recreational exercise. This validation study demonstrates the applicability of the microfluidic patch and software platform for field testing in recreational athletes.

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Measured and perceived indices of fluid balance in professional athletes. The use and impact of hydration assessment strategies

Abstract: Players have difficulty perceiving fluid intake and sweat loss during training. However, the use of hydration monitoring techniques did not affect fluid balance before or during training.

Cited by 13 publications

References 44 publications

Impact of Nuun Electrolyte Tablets on Fluid Balance in Active Men and Women

Impact of Nuun Electrolyte Tablets on Fluid Balance in Active Men and Women

Post-Exercise Sweat Loss Estimation Accuracy of Athletes and Physically Active Adults: A Review

Skin‐Interfaced Microfluidic System with Machine Learning‐Enabled Image Processing of Sweat Biomarkers in Remote Settings

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