Following a 2.0 +/- 0.1% body mass loss induced by intermittent exercise in the heat, seven male volunteers ingested either a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (CE) or skimmed milk (M) in a volume equal to 150% of body mass loss. At the end of the 3 h recovery period, subjects were essentially in positive fluid balance on trial M (191 +/- 162 mL), and euhydrated on trial CE (-135 +/- 392 mL) despite being in negative sodium balance on both trials and negative potassium balance on trial CE. This difference of 326 +/- 354 mL or 0.4% body mass approached significance (P = 0.051). Subjects ingested 137 +/- 15 and 113 +/- 12 g of CHO during the CE and M trials, respectively, as well as 75 +/- 8 g of protein during the M trial. At the end of the 3 h recovery period, an exercise capacity test was completed at 61% VO(2peak) in warm (35.3 +/- 0.5 degrees C), humid (63 +/- 2%) conditions. HR (P = 0.020) and rectal temperature (P = 0.045) were higher on trial M, but no difference in exercise time to exhaustion was observed between trials (39.6 +/- 7.3 min vs. 39.7 +/- 8.1 min on trials CE and M, respectively). The results of the present study suggest that milk can be an effective post-exercise rehydration drink, with subjects remaining in net positive fluid balance throughout the recovery period. Despite the effect on fluid retention, exercise capacity was not different between skimmed milk and a commercially available carbohydrate-electrolyte drink 4 h following exercise/heat-induced body mass loss.

To determine the effectiveness of 3 commonly used beverages in restoring fluid and electrolyte balance, 8 volunteers dehydrated by 1.94% +/- 0.17% of body mass by intermittent exercise in the heat, then ingested a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (Gatorade), carbonated water/apple-juice mixture (Apfelschorle), and San Benedetto mineral water in a volume equal to 150% body-mass loss. These drinks are all are perceived to be effective rehydration solutions, and their effectiveness was compared with the rehydration effectiveness of Evian mineral water, which is not perceived in this way by athletes. Four hours after rehydration, the subjects were in a significantly lower hydration status than the pretrial situation on trials with Apfelschorle (-365 +/- 319 mL, P = 0.030), Evian (-529 +/- 319 mL, P < 0.0005), and San Benedetto (-401 +/- 353 mL, P = 0.016) but were in the same hydration status as before the dehydrating exercise on Gatorade (-201 +/- 388 mL, P = 0.549). Sodium balance was negative on all trials throughout the study; only with Apfelschorle did subjects remain in positive potassium balance. In this scenario, recovery of fluid balance can only be achieved when significant, albeit insufficient, quantities of sodium are ingested after exercise. There is a limited range of commercially available products that have a composition sufficient to achieve this, even though the public thinks that some of the traditional drinks are effective for this purpose.

BackgroundSun safety and vitamin D status are important for prolonged health. They are of particular interest to those working with athletes for whom for whom safe sun practices maybe limited.The aim of this cross-sectional study was to describe the attitudes of elite New Zealand athletes to both vitamin D and sun exposure.Methods110 elite New Zealand outdoor athletes volunteered to participate in an interview with a trained interviewer. The interviewer asked the athletes questions on their Vitamin D knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sun exposure as well as their concerns about skin cancer.ResultsAthletes were more concerned about their risk of skin cancer (66%) than their vitamin D status (6%). Although the majority (97%) were aware of Vitamin D and could identify the sun as a source (76%) only 17% could name another source of Vitamin D.Only 10 (9%) reported always applying sunscreen before going out in the sun. No athlete reported reapplying sunscreen every hour and 25 suggesting that they never reapply sunscreen.ConclusionsAthletes are concerned about skin cancer however, their use of sunscreen is not optimal suggesting reapplication of sunscreen could be targeted in order to reduce the risk of sun cancer. Awareness of sources of Vitamin D other than the sun may also need to be improved potentially through educational interventions and possibly in conjunction with sun smart messages.

Tables: 1 6 Cryotherapy and recovery from soccer 2 MANUSCRIPT TITLE:The effects of a single whole body cryotherapy exposure on physiological, performance and perceptual responses of professional academy soccer players following repeated sprint exercise RUNNING TITLE: Cryotherapy and recovery from soccerCryotherapy and recovery from soccer 3 ABSTRACT 7In professional youth soccer players, the physiological, performance and perceptual effects of a single 8 whole body cryotherapy (WBC) session performed shortly after repeated sprint exercise were 9 investigated. In a randomized, counter-balanced and crossover design, 14 habituated English Premier 10League academy soccer players performed 15 x 30 m sprints (each followed by a 10 m forced 11 deceleration) on two occasions. Within 20 min of exercise cessation, players entered a WBC chamber 12 (Cryo: 30 s at -60°C, 120 s at -135°C) or remained seated (Con) indoors in temperate conditions 13 (~25°C). Blood and saliva samples, peak power output (countermovement jump) and perceptual 14 indices of recovery and soreness were assessed pre-exercise and immediately, 2 h and 24 h post-15 exercise. When compared to Con, a greater testosterone response was observed at 2 h (+32.5 ± 32.3 16 pg•ml

The purpose of this study was to compare fluid balance between a resistance and an aerobic training sessions, in elite rugby players. It is hypothesized that resistance exercise will result in a higher prevalence of overdrinking, whereas during the aerobic session, underdrinking will be more prevalent. As with previous fluid balance studies, this was an observational study. Twenty-six players completed the resistance training session, and 20 players completed the aerobic training session. All players were members of an elite rugby union squad competing in the southern hemisphere's premier competition. For both sessions, players provided a preexercise urine sample to determine hydration status, pre- and postexercise measures of body mass, and blood sodium concentration were taken, and the weight of drink bottles were recorded to calculate sweat rates and fluid intake rates. Sweat patches were positioned on the shoulder of the players, and these remained in place throughout each training session and were later analyzed for sodium concentration. The percentage of sweat loss replaced was higher in the resistance (196 ± 130%) than the aerobic training session (56 ± 17%; p = 0.002). Despite this, no cases of hyponatremia were detected. The results also indicated that more than 80% of players started training in a hypohydrated state. Fluid intake seems to differ depending on the nature of the exercise session. In this group of athletes, players did not match their fluid intakes with their sweat loss, resulting in overdrinking during resistance training and underdrinking in aerobic training. Therefore, hydration strategies and education need to be tailored to the exercise session. Furthermore, given the large number of players arriving at training hypohydrated, improved hydration strategies away from the training venue are required.