“…10 Secreted IgD binds to viruses (rubella and measles), bacteria ( Escherichia coli , specific surface proteins on H. influenza e and M. catarrhalis ), and selected bacterial virulence factors (e.g., streptolysin O from S. pyogenes , diphtheria toxin). 12, 13 Allergic inflammation can also promote binding of IgD to granulocytes such as neutrophils and eosinophils in the skin. 14, 15 …”