Measles seroprevalence in Chiradzulu district, Malawi: Implications for evaluating vaccine coverage

Polonsky, Jonathan; Juan-Giner, Aitana; Hurtado, Northan; Masiku, Charlie; Kagoli, Matthew; Grais, Rebecca F.

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.007

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Extensive vaccinations against measles, improved clinical care, and socioeconomic status have reduced mortality rates in many countries . From 2000 to 2013, measles vaccination prevented over 15.6 million deaths, although approximately 145 000 deaths still occur annually, mostly in children younger than 5 years of age …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological and molecular investigation of a measles outbreak in Punjab, Pakistan, 2013‐2015

Zaidi

Hameed

Ali

et al. 2018

Journal of Medical Virology

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Despite the availability of an effective vaccine, the measles virus continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Molecular characterization of wild-type measles strains is an invaluable component of epidemiological studies or surveillance systems that provides important information pertinent to outbreak linkages and transmission pathways. Serum samples and throat swabs were collected from suspected measles cases from the Punjab province of Pakistan (2013-2015) and further tested for measles immunoglobulin M (IgM) through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for molecular characterization. Among the total of 5415 blood samples, 59% tested positive for measles IgM. Males had a higher infection rate (55%) than females (45%), and the highest frequency of positive cases (63%) was found in the age group of 0 to 5 years. Partial sequencing of the nucleoprotein gene showed that 27 strains belonged to the B3 genotype, whereas 2 viruses were identified as D4. On phylogenetic analysis, Pakistani B3 strains were found to be closely related to previously reported indigenous strains and those from neighboring countries of Iran and Qatar. This is the first report on the detection of the measles B3 genotype from Punjab, Pakistan. The current study shows a high burden of measles infections in Punjab province owing to poor routine immunization coverage in major cities. It is imperative that national health authorities adopt strategic steps on an urgent basis for improvement of routine immunization coverage. Molecular epidemiology of the measles viruses circulating in different parts of the country can provide useful data to manage future outbreaks.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological and molecular investigation of a measles outbreak in Punjab, Pakistan, 2013‐2015

Zaidi

Hameed

Ali

et al. 2018

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…Before the introduction of the measles vaccine, over two million deaths occurred annually, the majority in children < 5 years of age (5). Nine out of ten people who were not immune and share living space with an infected person(6), children too young to be vaccinated or not vaccinated, older age, being female (7), not received a second dose, those for whom the vaccine failed to provoke a protective immune response, travel to areas where measles is endemic (1,8) having contact history(9) could contract measles infection. The risk of death among those infected is usually 0.2% but probably reached up to 10% in those malnourished peoples (5,10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malnutrition Precipitated Measles Outbreak in Gewane District, Afar Regional State, Northeastern Ethiopia, 2016

Ayele¹

2020

Preprint

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Background: Measles is a contagious viral and vaccine-preventable disease that is continuing a public health problem. It is occurring as an outbreak not only in developing but also in developed countries.Methods: A 1:2 ratios, unmatched case-control study was conducted from September 19/2016- October 08/2016 in Undufo Kebele, Gewane district, Northeastern Ethiopia. Both confirmed by laboratory and epidemiologically linked measles cases were involved. Controls were those who had no clinical signs of measles during the data collection period and residents of the same community where cases were identified. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Nutritional status was measured using MUAC and the result decided based on the world health organization's nutritional categorization of children by MUAC. Data were entered into Epi-info 7 and analyzed using SPSS-21. Binary logistic regression was done to identify risk factors for measles infection with 95% confident level of Odds ratio.Result: Fifty cases and 100 controls have participated in this investigation. Four out of five samples collected were positive for measles IgM antibody. There were three deaths reported. There was no vaccination history of cases and controls. The majority of cases were female and between 6–15 years of age. In multivariable analysis, malnutrition (AOR = 3.21; 95%CI 1.871,6.334), and contact history (AOR = 12.24; 95%CI 6.992,28.121) increased the risk of contracting measles infection.Conclusion: children under 15-year age were more affected groups. The absence of vaccination in the area precipitated by a high rate of malnutrition was the main cause that aggravates the number of new infections. Contact history and malnutrition were the identified risk factors for measles infection. Therefore, increasing immunization coverage of more than 80%, and securing food security decrease the susceptibility of outbreak occurrence.

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Safety and Immunogenicity of Measles Vaccination in HIV-Infected and HIV-Exposed Uninfected Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2018

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Background HIV-infected and HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) children have an increased risk of measles that may be due to altered immune responses or suboptimal timing of measles vaccination. We aimed to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of measles vaccination in HIV-infected and HEU children. Methods For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Global Health Library and IndMED on May 9, 2018. Studies were included if they reported on safety or seroresponse (either seroprotection/seropositivity/seroconversion) after measles vaccination in HIV-infected or HEU children. We calculated pooled estimates to compare immunogenicity outcomes between HIV-infected, HEU and HIV-unexposed children, using risk ratios [RRs] (with 95%CIs). PROSPERO registration number: CRD42017057411. Findings Seventy-one studies met the inclusion criteria (15,363 children). Twenty-eight studies reported on safety; vaccine-associated adverse events and deaths were uncommon. Sixty-two studies reported on immunogenicity, 27 were included in the meta-analysis. HIV-infected children had lower seroresponse rates after primary vaccination compared with HIV-unexposed (RR 0.74; 95%CI: 0.61–0.90, I 2 = 85.9%) and HEU children (0.78; 0.69–0.88, I 2 = 77.1%), which was mitigated by antiretroviral therapy and time interval between vaccination and serology. HEU and HIV-unexposed children had similar seroresponses. Vaccination at 6-months resulted in similar proportions of HIV-infected children having seroresponse compared with HIV-unexposed (0.96; 0.77–1.19) and HEU children (1.00; 0.73–1.37, I 2 = 63.7%). Interpretation Primary measles vaccination at 6-months of age may provide protection against measles during early infancy in settings with high prevalence of maternal HIV-infection, however, further studies are needed to evaluate this strategy in HEU children and HIV-infected children receiving antiretroviral therapy. Funding South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation in Vaccine Preventable Diseases; Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit.

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Measles seroprevalence in Chiradzulu district, Malawi: Implications for evaluating vaccine coverage

Cited by 5 publications

References 22 publications

Epidemiological and molecular investigation of a measles outbreak in Punjab, Pakistan, 2013‐2015

Epidemiological and molecular investigation of a measles outbreak in Punjab, Pakistan, 2013‐2015

Malnutrition Precipitated Measles Outbreak in Gewane District, Afar Regional State, Northeastern Ethiopia, 2016

Safety and Immunogenicity of Measles Vaccination in HIV-Infected and HIV-Exposed Uninfected Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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