Measles mortality in high and low burden districts of India: Estimates from a nationally representative study of over 12,000 child deaths

Morris, Shaun K.; Awasthi, Sanjay; Kumar, Rajesh; Shet, Anita; Khera, Ajay; Nakhaee, Fatemeh; Ram, Usha; Brandão, José Ricardo Mello; Jha, Prabhat

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.012

Cited by 26 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The mortality rate from measles was higher in girls than in boys for each region studied, ranging from 27% higher in the northeast to more than twice as high in the west. 30 A higher proportion of males lines, were affected in the various other studies as compared with females. 21,25 The reason for the findings may be the difference in the gender ratio in study areas or due to the differential attitude of the parents toward a female child.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Outbreaks of measles in Rajasthan in 2014: a cross sectional epidemiological investigation

Singh¹,

Garg²

2017

Int J Community Med Public Health

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Background: In India, although the measles vaccine is available across the country up to village level, but still India is struggling with mortality and morbidity associated with Measles and its outbreaks. Investigations in measles outbreak help to know the determinants behind it and thus prevent further outbreaks. The outbreaks of measles in Rajasthan were investigated in 2014 by analyzing various socio-demographic parameters. Objective: To assess the epidemiological profile of measles outbreak in Rajasthan in 2014.Methods: The data of the measles surveillance project of Rajasthan was used for analysis. This is an analytical, cross sectional study where 10 districts of Rajasthan having confirmed measles outbreak in 2014 were included. A total of 353 laboratory plus epidemiologically linked measles cases were considered. Statistical analysis: Percentages, proportions and Chi square test were applied. Results: Out of the 23 suspected measles outbreaks subjected for confirmatory laboratory investigation, majority i.e. 14 (60.8%) were found to be of measles. Out of these 14 outbreaks, 353 cases were of measles (Laboratory confirmed + epidemiologically confirmed). Maximum numbers (around 50%) of cases were from the age group 1-4 years. Only 108 (30.6%) cases were vaccinated for measles vaccine. Girl children contributed to about 60 % of the total measles cases. Almost 2/3rd (66.9%) cases were in Muslim families. Conclusions: There was clustering of measles cases in few of the districts adjacent to each other. Measles vaccination coverage in few pockets was poor in outbreak districts. There is a need to boost up measles vaccination coverage with special attention to high risks areas like urban slums etc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Outbreaks of measles in Rajasthan in 2014: a cross sectional epidemiological investigation

Singh¹,

Garg²

2017

Int J Community Med Public Health

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“…Consistent with these findings of gender discrimination in the uptake of health seeking behaviour, recent studies from India have found measles vaccination scores for girls to be significantly lower than those for boys (see Singh 2012;Morris et al 2013;Pande and Yazbeck 2003;Pande 2003;Borooah 2004). For example, Pande and Yazbeck (2003) find evidence of large rural/urban differentials in measles vaccination coverage, even in wealthier states where coverage is better.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…These findings are echoed in recent studies such as Singh (2013), who notes considerable variations in vaccination coverage between 1992-2006 in six geographical regions in India, attributable to gender preferences and rural/urban factors. Similarly, Morris et al (2013) found that measles-related mortality among Indian children in 2005 was nearly 70% greater for girls than for boys (4.2 vs. 2.5 per 1000 live births), and 90% of all deaths occurred in rural areas. Furthermore, Corsi et al's (2009) non-parametric study found that the lower vaccination coverage experienced by girls extended to other diseases such as BCG, polio, tetanus, and whooping cough.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…These issues are of particular concern in India, which has the highest number of children who missed out on the measles vaccination. Black et al (2010) and Morris et al (2013) estimate that 63,000-137,000 Indian children died in 2005 due to measles and its complications accounting for 4%−6% of under-5 deaths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While a number of studies have examined the socio-economic factors influencing the probability of being vaccinated, important temporal, cultural, health-system, and socio-economic factors influencing the timing of measles vaccination coverage remain under-researched. The very few studies that have explored vaccination timing have focused on delays in vaccination, a major reason for measlesrelated mortality (Dombkowski et al 2004;Morris et al 2013). However, it is also critical to examine the role of premature vaccination, especially prior to 5 months of age, due to the possibility of reduced protection against measles at best, or greater susceptibility to all-cause mortality at worst.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Gender differentials in the timing of measles vaccination in rural India

Rammohan¹,

Awofeso²,

Iqbal³

2014

DemRes

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BACKGROUNDMeasles is a highly contagious but vaccine-preventable disease. Gender differences in measles vaccination outcomes have been widely reported in India. OBJECTIVEAn overlooked factor is whether female children are less likely to be vaccinated ageappropriately. METHODSIn this paper we use data from the nationally representative 2008 District Level Household Survey (DLHS) to analyse if there are any gender differences in the propensity to vaccinate a child for measles, and, among the vaccinated sample, whether there are any gender differences in the probability of age-appropriate measles vaccination. RESULTSOur analysis confirms that girls have both a significantly lower probability of being vaccinated and of being vaccinated age-appropriately.

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Sex and Gender Differences in Infection and Treatments for Infectious Diseases

Klein

Roberts

2015

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This book provides an overview of the underlying sex-based and hormone-based differences in immunity, wound healing and pharmacokinetics, while also exploring how pregnancy affects immunity. The second part of the book shows, for the first time in a single volume, the growing number of infectious diseases for which sex and gender differences are noted, identifies common as well as distinct mechanisms mediating these differences and illustrates how responses to treatments might differ between the sexes. The awareness that males and females differ in their response to specific pathogens as well as to treatments for infectious diseases may yield sex-specific personalized treatments. This book will be of interest to basic scientists and clinicians in the fields of microbiology, immunology and pharmacology. Individuals working in academia, government and industry will also benefit from the information presented

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Measles mortality in high and low burden districts of India: Estimates from a nationally representative study of over 12,000 child deaths

Cited by 26 publications

References 11 publications

Outbreaks of measles in Rajasthan in 2014: a cross sectional epidemiological investigation

Outbreaks of measles in Rajasthan in 2014: a cross sectional epidemiological investigation

Gender differentials in the timing of measles vaccination in rural India

Sex and Gender Differences in Infection and Treatments for Infectious Diseases

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