Mean flow characteristics of two-dimensional wings in ground effect

Experimental investigation of the ground effect on a wing without/with trailing edge flap

“…Some of the deepest investigations of the impact of ground effect on the aerodynamic characteristics of wings were realized by Qu et al (2014Qu et al ( , 2015aQu et al ( , 2015bQu et al ( , 2015cQu et al ( , 2016aQu et al ( , 2016b they focused on both dynamic/static ground effect to simulate numerically the landing operation of a NACA 4412 and 30P30N three-element airfoils and found that at the same angle of attack, simulation case with the dynamic ground where compression work effect is higher, gave the best results. Jung et al (2012b) studied numerically with a moving-ground boundary condition several aerodynamic characteristics to specify the best airfoil performance, clearance, angle of attack and the range of Re number, it has been conclusively demonstrated that NACA4406 with its small thickness produced higher lift coefficient and its performance is better at small angles of attack and minimal clearance. Ahmed et al (2007), presented experimentally a study about the influence of ground effect over an airfoil, measurements of both velocity vectors over the airfoil, surface pressure and lift/drag forces were accomplished with a tunnel occupied with a moving ground simulation.…”

Endplate effect on aerodynamic characteristics of three-dimensional wings in close free surface proximity

“…Recently, authors and coworkers (Jung et al, 2012) numerically investigated the aerodynamic characteristics of 2D wings in the vicinity of the ground by solving 2D steady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with the turbulence closure model. In addition, they studied the effects of Reynolds number, and showed that the lift-to-drag ratio increases linearly with an increasing Reynolds number.…”