“…The major proinflammatory cytokines involved in beta-cell failure during T1DM development are IL-1β, TNFα and IFNγ [1,4,32,36], which stimulate pleiotropic effects by receptor-mediated mechanisms [37][38][39][40][41][42]. Multiple molecular mechanisms have been associated with beta-cell death in T1DM including mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses, ROS generation and induction of NO production (only in rodent beta-cells), impaired calcium homeostasis and disturbed autophagy [30,32,40,41,[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56]. IL-1β and TNFα stimulate ROS production particularly in mitochondria, which are in beta-cells characterized by a very low detoxification capacity of hydrogen peroxide toxicity [46,52,53,57].…”