Maxwell's equations explain why irreversible electroporation will not heat up a metal stent

Comprehensive review on thermal aspects of nonthermal irreversible electroporation

“…In addition to thermal damage, numerical simulations revealed that IRE treatments could be safely used around implanted metal devices, such as stents. 159 This finding supports previous findings regarding the presence of metal implants in IRE therapy. 168 Many models discovered, including Laplace's equation, bioheat equation, and Arrhenius model applied to various electrode and tissue models, have been systematically reviewed.…”

“…Despite the uncertainties in modeling biological tissues, numerical simulations provide valuable insights into the potential temperature rise owing to the application of electric pulses. In addition to thermal damage, numerical simulations revealed that IRE treatments could be safely used around implanted metal devices, such as stents 159 . This finding supports previous findings regarding the presence of metal implants in IRE therapy 168 .…”

“…The thermal damage index described in Section 3.1 is then calculated from the temperature history to which the tissue is exposed. Several numerical simulations have been carried out at a single point in the tissue (one‐dimensional [1D]) 5,41,137,138 or using 2D 1,2,46,47,52,79,139–156 and 3D models 12–14,24,30,38,128,139,157–179 . Most studies did not include vascular structures, such as blood vessels, in their models.…”

Comparison of irreversible electroporation ablation in mice livers with or without a thermally controlled algorithm

“…Compared with thermal ablation, IRE is traditionally considered as a non-thermal modality. Recent in vitro and ex vivo studies have shown that IRE ablation may be associated with a certain thermal effect, and the ablation temperature mainly depends on the dynamic balance between the accumulated ablation energy and heat dissipation [2,3] …”