Maximizing analytical precision: exploring the advantages of ratiometric strategy in fluorescence, Raman, electrochemical, and mass spectrometry detection

Abstract

Ratiometric strategy are an invaluable method that helps to detect and quantify analytes. This approach relies on measuring changes in the ratio of two or more signals to improve the accuracy and sensitivity of the results. Ratiometric strategies are widely used in a variety of fields including biomedical, environmental monitoring and food safety. It is particularly popular when traditional single-signal based detection methods are not feasible, especially when interfering substances severely affect the detection. In addition, ratiometric methods have the potential to improve the accuracy and reliability of analyte detection, leading to better results in a variety of complex environments. The article provides a comprehensive review of ratiometric strategy, focusing on ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobes for the visual detection of analytes. This paper also discusses the design of ratiometric two-photon fluorescent probes for biomedical imaging, the synthesis of ratiometric surface-enhanced Raman scattering nanoprobes for the imaging of intracellular analytes, the development of ratiometric molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors for detection of electroactive species, and the use of isotopically-labeled internal standards in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization for ratiometric analysis. The article not only discusses each technique in detail, including its principles, advantages, potential applications, and limitations, but also highlights recent advances in each method and possible future directions.

A Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensor for Penicillin G Based on Color-Tunable Gold–Silver Nanoclusters

“…Various methods, including high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, have been developed for the detection of penicillin G − as well as immunoassay methods. , However, these methods are very complicated, expensive, and time-consuming . Meanwhile, ratiometric fluorescence sensing, which is based on measuring the relative fluorescence intensities ratio at two emission wavelengths, is being increasingly applied for the analysis of the natural environment and living systems. − In particular, precious-metal fluorescent nanoclusters have received extensive research attention as ratiometric fluorescence sensors in the past few years due to their excellent optical properties and biocompatibility. − In contrast to single-signal detection, this method has built-in corrections for fluctuations in instrument operation, interference from the sample matrix, variations in the microenvironment around the probe, and changes in the concentration of the probe . Recently, biomass-derived materials have been used as protective and reducing agents for the design of nanomaterials with special optical properties, more biocompatibility, and less environmental influence. − For instance, 6-aza-2-thiothymine (ATT) containing both amino and imino groups endows the corresponding nanoclusters with good biocompatibility .…”

“… 21 − 23 In contrast to single-signal detection, this method has built-in corrections for fluctuations in instrument operation, interference from the sample matrix, variations in the microenvironment around the probe, and changes in the concentration of the probe. 24 Recently, biomass-derived materials have been used as protective and reducing agents for the design of nanomaterials with special optical properties, more biocompatibility, and less environmental influence. 25 − 28 For instance, 6-aza-2-thiothymine (ATT) containing both amino and imino groups endows the corresponding nanoclusters with good biocompatibility.…”

Dual-Probe SERS Nanosensor: A Promising Approach for Sensitive and Ratiometric Detection of Glucose in Clinical Settings

“…Consequently, there is an ongoing need to explore more convenient strategies that can improve the analysis and quantification of SERS signals. Among these methods, one proposed tactic to improve measurement accuracy entails using a ratiometric approach based on two peaks found in the SERS spectra. − This approach involves measuring changes in the ratio of two independent signals to enhance the precision and sensitivity of the results. However, implementation of this strategy can pose challenges when these peaks are located within the fingerprint region, where most molecules exhibit SERS signals.…”

A microfluidic ratiometric electrochemical aptasensor for highly sensitive and selective detection of 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl

“…17 In theory, the ratiometric method has the capacity to automatically adjust for external interference, leading to improved dependability and accuracy in analysis. 18 At present, the prevalent approach in the ratiometric electrochemical strategy involves the utilisation of labelled DNA probes to fabricate sensors. In this strategy, Fc, MB, and Thi serve as the primary redox tags.…”