A Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensor for Penicillin G Based on Color-Tunable Gold–Silver Nanoclusters

Abstract

Excessive administration of penicillin G and improper disposal of its residues pose a serious risk to human health; therefore, the development of convenient methods for monitoring penicillin G levels in products is essential. Herein, novel gold−silver nanoclusters (AuAgNCs) were synthesized using chicken egg white and 6-aza-2thiothymine as dual ligands with strong yellow fluorescence at 509 and 689 nm for the highly selective detection of penicillin G. The AuAgNCs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet−visible absorption spectrophotometry, and fluorescence spectrophotometry. Under optimum conditions, the fluorescence intensity decreased linearly with the concentration of penicillin G from 0.2 to 6 μM, with a low detection limit of 18 nM. Real sample analyses indicated that a sensor developed using the AuAgNCs could detect penicillin G in urine and water samples within 10 min, with the recoveries ranging from 99.7 to 104.0%. The particle size of the AuAgNCs increased from 1.80 to 9.06 nm in the presence of penicillin G. We believe the aggregation-induced quenching of the fluorescence of the AuAgNCs was the main mechanism for the detection of penicillin G. These results demonstrate the ability of our sensor for monitoring penicillin G levels in environmental and clinic samples.