Maximal vascular leg conductance in trained and untrained men

Snell, Peter G.; Martin, W. H.; Buckey, Jay C.; Blomqvist, C. Gunnar

doi:10.1152/jappl.1987.62.2.606

Cited by 154 publications

(112 citation statements)

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“…Comparable findings were later observed when comparing vascular responses between both arms in elite tennis players (101) and elite squash players (261), but also when comparing leg peak blood flow between elite athletes and controls (277). The presence of a higher peak blood flow after exercise training, either adopting between-or within-subject comparisons, supports the ability of exercise training to cause remodelling of resistance arteries.…”

Section: Sinoway Et Al Compared the Dominant And Non-dominant Forearmentioning

confidence: 69%

Vascular Adaptation to Exercise in Humans: Role of Hemodynamic Stimuli

Green

Hopman

Padilla

et al. 2017

Physiological Reviews

515

570

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On the 400 th anniversary of Harvey's Lumleian lectures, this review focusses on the impact of physical exercise on "hemodynamic" forces associated with the movement of blood through arteries in humans and the functional and structural adaptations that result from repeated episodic exposure to such stimuli. The late 20 th century discovery that endothelial cells modify arterial tone via paracrine transduction, provoked studies exploring the direct mechanical effects of blood flow and pressure on vascular function and adaptation in vivo. In this review, we address the impact of distinct hemodynamic signals that occur in response to exercise, the inter-relationships between these signals, the nature of the adaptive responses that manifest under different physiological conditions and the implications for human health.Exercise modifies blood flow, luminal shear stress, arterial pressure and tangential wall stress, all of which can transduce changes in arterial function, diameter and wall thickness.There are important clinical implications of the adaptation that occurs as a consequence of repeated hemodynamic stimulation associated with exercise training in humans, including impacts on atherosclerotic risk in conduit arteries, the control of blood pressure in resistance vessels, oxygen delivery and diffusion, and microvascular health. Exercise training studies have demonstrated that direct hemodynamic impacts on the health of the artery wall contribute substantially to the well-established decrease in cardiovascular risk attributed to physical activity.

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Section: Sinoway Et Al Compared the Dominant And Non-dominant Forearmentioning

confidence: 69%

Vascular Adaptation to Exercise in Humans: Role of Hemodynamic Stimuli

Green

Hopman

Padilla

et al. 2017

Physiological Reviews

515

570

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…We are not aware of any data indicating increased resting cardiac output in the athletes. Previous studies with runners (48) or swimmers (49) have demonstrated a blood flow higher than normal during exercise, but normal in the resting state. In terms of the mechanisms of increased blood flow in our athletes, enhanced capillary growth has been described in trained muscles (29,45,50).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Mechanism of enhanced insulin sensitivity in athletes. Increased blood flow, muscle glucose transport protein (GLUT-4) concentration, and glycogen synthase activity.

Ebeling¹,

Bourey²,

Korányi³

et al. 1993

J. Clin. Invest.

220

165

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IntroductionWe examined the mechanisms of enhanced insulin sensitivity in 9 male healthy athletes (age, 25±1 yr; maximal aerobic power [V O2maxJ, 57.6±1.0 ml/kg per min) as compared with 10 sedentary control subjects (age, 28±2 yr; V02max, 44.1±2.3 ml/kg per min). In the athletes, whole body glucose disposal (240-min insulin clamp) was 32% (P < 0.01 ) and nonoxidative glucose disposal (indirect calorimetry) was 62% higher (P < 0.01 ) than in the controls. Muscle glycogen content increased by 39% in the athletes (P < 0.05) but did not change in the controls during insulin clamp. VO2max correlated with whole body (r = 0.60, P < 0.01) and nonoxidative glucose disposal (r = 0.64, P < 0.001). In the athletes forearm blood flow was 64% greater (P < 0.05) than in the controls, whereas their muscle capillary density was normal. Basal blood flow was related to VO2max (r = 0.63, P < 0.05) and glucose disposal during insulin infusion (r = 0.65, P < 0.05). The forearm glucose uptake in the athletes was increased by 3.3-fold (P < 0.01) in the basal state and by 73% (P < 0.05) during insulin infusion. Muscle glucose transport protein (GLUT4) concentration was 93% greater in the athletes than controls (P < 0.01 ) and it was related to VO2max (r = 0.61, P < 0.01 ) and to whole body glucose disposal (r = 0.60, P < 0.01). Muscle glycogen synthase activity was 33% greater in the athletes than in the controls (P < 0.05), and the basal glycogen synthase fractional activity was closely related to blood flow (r = 0.88, P < 0.001).In conclusion: (a) athletes are characterized by enhanced muscle blood flow and glucose uptake. (b) The cellular mechanisms of glucose uptake are increased GLUT4 protein content, glycogen synthase activity, and glucose storage as glycogen. (c) A close correlation between glycogen synthase fractional activity and blood flow suggests that they are causally related in promoting glucose disposal. (J.

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“…If these mechanisms each led to a 50% underestimation of peak muscle blood flow and they interacted, they could provide at least a partial explanation for the discrepancy between the older and more recent observations. For example, peak calf blood flow between ϳ60 and 80 ml·min Ϫ1 ·100 g Ϫ1 after ischemic exercise was reported by Snell et al (445) in untrained men and endurance athletes, respectively. If adjusted for the factors just outlined, these observations would translate to estimates of flow on the order of ϳ200 ml·min Ϫ1 ·100 g Ϫ1 .…”

Section: E Why Were Values For Peak Blood Flow Before the 1980s So Low?mentioning

confidence: 84%

Regulation of Increased Blood Flow (Hyperemia) to Muscles During Exercise: A Hierarchy of Competing Physiological Needs

Joyner

Casey

2015

Physiological Reviews

562

513

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LJoyner MJ, Casey DP. Regulation of Increased Blood Flow (Hyperemia) to Muscles During Exercise: A Hierarchy of Competing Physiological Needs. Physiol Rev 95: 549 -601, 2015; doi:10.1152/physrev.00035.2013.-This review focuses on how blood flow to contracting skeletal muscles is regulated during exercise in humans. The idea is that blood flow to the contracting muscles links oxygen in the atmosphere with the contracting muscles where it is consumed. In this context, we take a top down approach and review the basics of oxygen consumption at rest and during exercise in humans, how these values change with training, and the systemic hemodynamic adaptations that support them. We highlight the very high muscle blood flow responses to exercise discovered in the 1980s. We also discuss the vasodilating factors in the contracting muscles responsible for these very high flows. Finally, the competition between demand for blood flow by contracting muscles and maximum systemic cardiac output is discussed as a potential challenge to blood pressure regulation during heavy large muscle mass or whole body exercise in humans. At this time, no one dominant dilator mechanism accounts for exercise hyperemia. Additionally, complex interactions between the sympathetic nervous system and the microcirculation facilitate high levels of systemic oxygen extraction and permit just enough sympathetic control of blood flow to contracting muscles to regulate blood pressure during large muscle mass exercise in humans.

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Maximal vascular leg conductance in trained and untrained men

Cited by 154 publications

References 0 publications

Vascular Adaptation to Exercise in Humans: Role of Hemodynamic Stimuli

Vascular Adaptation to Exercise in Humans: Role of Hemodynamic Stimuli

Mechanism of enhanced insulin sensitivity in athletes. Increased blood flow, muscle glucose transport protein (GLUT-4) concentration, and glycogen synthase activity.

Regulation of Increased Blood Flow (Hyperemia) to Muscles During Exercise: A Hierarchy of Competing Physiological Needs

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