Regulation of Increased Blood Flow (Hyperemia) to Muscles During Exercise: A Hierarchy of Competing Physiological Needs

Joyner, Michael J.; Casey, Darren P.

doi:10.1152/physrev.00035.2013

Cited by 555 publications

(559 citation statements)

References 502 publications

(611 reference statements)

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“…1998; Laughlin et al . 2012; Joyner & Casey, 2015). Regulation of skin blood flow in response to thermal stimuli also involves local and reflex neural mechanisms (Johnson et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood temperature and perfusion to exercising and non‐exercising human limbs

González‐Alonso

Calbet

Boushel

et al. 2015

Experimental Physiology

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New Findings What is the central question of this study? Temperature‐sensitive mechanisms are thought to contribute to blood‐flow regulation, but the relationship between exercising and non‐exercising limb perfusion and blood temperature is not established. What is the main finding and its importance? The close coupling among perfusion, blood temperature and aerobic metabolism in exercising and non‐exercising extremities across different exercise modalities and activity levels and the tight association between limb vasodilatation and increases in plasma ATP suggest that both temperature‐ and metabolism‐sensitive mechanisms are important for the control of human limb perfusion, possibly by activating ATP release from the erythrocytes. Temperature‐sensitive mechanisms may contribute to blood‐flow regulation, but the influence of temperature on perfusion to exercising and non‐exercising human limbs is not established. Blood temperature (T B), blood flow and oxygen uptake (trueV˙O2) in the legs and arms were measured in 16 healthy humans during 90 min of leg and arm exercise and during exhaustive incremental leg or arm exercise. During prolonged exercise, leg blood flow (LBF) was fourfold higher than arm blood flow (ABF) in association with higher T B and limb trueV˙O2. Leg and arm vascular conductance during exercise compared with rest was related closely to T B (r 2 = 0.91; P < 0.05), plasma ATP (r 2 = 0.94; P < 0.05) and limb V˙normalO2 (r 2 = 0.99; P < 0.05). During incremental leg exercise, LBF increased in association with elevations in T B and limb trueV˙O2, whereas ABF, arm T B and V˙normalO2 remained largely unchanged. During incremental arm exercise, both ABF and LBF increased in relationship to similar increases in trueV˙O2. In 12 trained males, increases in femoral T B and LBF during incremental leg exercise were mirrored by similar pulmonary artery T B and cardiac output dynamics, suggesting that processes in active limbs dominate central temperature and perfusion responses. The present data reveal a close coupling among perfusion, T B and aerobic metabolism in exercising and non‐exercising extremities and a tight association between limb vasodilatation and increases in plasma ATP. These findings suggest that temperature and V˙normalO2 contribute to the regulation of limb perfusion through control of intravascular ATP.

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“…1998; Laughlin et al . 2012; Joyner & Casey, 2015). Regulation of skin blood flow in response to thermal stimuli also involves local and reflex neural mechanisms (Johnson et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood temperature and perfusion to exercising and non‐exercising human limbs

González‐Alonso

Calbet

Boushel

et al. 2015

Experimental Physiology

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“…This increase in blood flow to the exercising muscle is the result of a local attenuation of the vasoconstrictor effect of sympathetic nervous activity, termed functional sympatholysis, and vasodilation induced by local vasoactive mechanisms (6,15). Since the first report on the hemodynamic response to exercise in older individuals in 1974 (42), evidence has accumulated for an insufficient blood flow to contracting skeletal muscle in aging (3,5,17,18,23,26,28,30,31).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of PDE5 inhibition on the modulation of sympathetic α-adrenergic vasoconstriction in contracting skeletal muscle of young and older recreationally active humans

Nyberg

Piil

Egelund

et al. 2015

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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Nyberg M, Piil P, Egelund J, Sprague RS, Mortensen SP, Hellsten Y. Effect of PDE5 inhibition on the modulation of sympathetic ␣-adrenergic vasoconstriction in contracting skeletal muscle of young and older recreationally active humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 309: H1867-H1875, 2015. First published October 2, 2015; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00653.2015.-Aging is associated with an altered regulation of blood flow to contracting skeletal muscle; however, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. We recently demonstrated that inhibition of cGMP-binding phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) increased blood flow to contracting skeletal muscle of older but not young human subjects. Here we examined whether this effect of PDE5 inhibition was related to an improved ability to blunt ␣-adrenergic vasoconstriction (functional sympatholysis) and/or improved efficacy of local vasodilator pathways. A group of young (23 Ϯ 1 yr) and a group of older (72 Ϯ 1 yr) male subjects performed kneeextensor exercise in a control setting and following intake of the highly selective PDE5 inhibitor sildenafil. During both conditions, exercise was performed without and with arterial tyramine infusion to evoke endogenous norepinephrine release and consequently stimulation of ␣1-and ␣2-adrenergic receptors. The level of the sympatholytic compound ATP was measured in venous plasma by use of the microdialysis technique. Sildenafil increased (P Ͻ 0.05) vascular conductance during exercise in the older group, but tyramine infusion reduced (P Ͻ 0.05) this effect by 38 Ϯ 9%. Similarly, tyramine reduced (P Ͻ 0.05) the vasodilation induced by arterial infusion of a nitric oxide (NO) donor by 54 Ϯ 9% in the older group, and this effect was not altered by sildenafil. Venous plasma [ATP] did not change with PDE5 inhibition in the older subjects during exercise. Collectively, PDE5 inhibition in older humans was not associated with an improved ability for functional sympatholysis. An improved efficacy of the NO system may be one mechanism underlying the effect of PDE5 inhibition on exercise hyperemia in aging.sildenafil; exercise; ATP; nitric oxide; cGMP NEW & NOTEWORTHY We recently demonstrated that inhibition of cGMP-binding phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) increased blood flow to contracting skeletal muscle of older but not young human subjects. Here we demonstrate that this effect of PDE5 inhibition on exercise hyperemia was related to an improved efficacy of local nonsympatholytic vasodilator pathways.CONTRACTILE ACTIVITY markedly increases the O 2 demand in skeletal muscle, thus requiring an increase in blood flow and O 2 delivery to the tissue. This increase in blood flow to the exercising muscle is the result of a local attenuation of the vasoconstrictor effect of sympathetic nervous activity, termed functional sympatholysis, and vasodilation induced by local vasoactive mechanisms (6,15). Since the first report on the hemodynamic response to exercise in older individuals in 1974 (42), evidence has accumulated for an insufficient blood flow to contracting skeletal m...

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“…The fatty acids are used by skeletal and cardiac muscle, and other tissues. Cardiac output and blood pressure are increased by epinephrine and sympathetic stimulation (45). Finally they act on the central nervous system and increase alertness and aggressiveness.…”

Section: Psychoneuroimmunology Responses To Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychoneuroimmunology and impact of stress in chronic skin conditions

Georgiеva

2017

SSM

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Psychodermatology studies the relationship between skin and mind. The important starting point in most of the chronic skin conditions is the psychological factor. Acute adverse events are classic triggers for these diseases. Chronic distress plays an important role, especially in time of public professional and financial instability, combined with the characteristics of the personal profile of the individual. Patients suffering from chronic skin dermatoses are tense, anxious, and unable to relax. This article reviews the neuro-endocrine pathways in the genesis of psychodermatological conditions. The paradigm: chronic skin conditions, stress and psyche is discussed. The review is based on the data from English language literature using MED-LINE and PubMed.

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Regulation of Increased Blood Flow (Hyperemia) to Muscles During Exercise: A Hierarchy of Competing Physiological Needs

Cited by 555 publications

References 502 publications

Blood temperature and perfusion to exercising and non‐exercising human limbs

Blood temperature and perfusion to exercising and non‐exercising human limbs

Effect of PDE5 inhibition on the modulation of sympathetic α-adrenergic vasoconstriction in contracting skeletal muscle of young and older recreationally active humans

Psychoneuroimmunology and impact of stress in chronic skin conditions

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