“…Crises and disasters are vitally significant for destinations that experience them as such moments can ruin or sully the very images that are instrumental for attracting tourists (Sö nmez et al, 1999;Noh and Vogt, 2013). Crises that have adversely affected tourism in the past decade include the September 11 terrorist attacks (Aschauer, 2010;Blake and Sinclair, 2003;Goodrich, 2002;Mü hlberger et al, 2005), the spread of foot-and-mouth disease in the UK in 2001 (Ritchie et al, 2003), the terrorist attack in Indonesia's province of Bali on 1 October, 2005 (Hitchcock and Putra, 2005), the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in 2003 (Eichelberger, 2007;Wen et al, 2005;Mao et al, 2010), the 2004 tsunami that struck southeast Asia (Henderson, 2007;Nguyen et al, 2017), Hurricane Irma in the Caribbean (Seraphin, 2019), the global economic crisis in 2008 (Li et al, 2010), the Japanese earthquake and tsunami in 2011 (Forgash, 2011;Rittichainuwat, 2012;Takamatsu, 2014), the 2010 volcanic eruption in Iceland (Bird et al, 2010), the 2010 Arab Spring (Afonso-Rodríguez and Santana-Gallego, 2018;Á lvarez-Díaz et al, 2019;Bá ez-García et al, 2018;Lanouar and Goaied, 2019;Perles-Ribes et al, 2018), the Ebola outbreak in West Africa (Mizrachi and Fuchs, 2016) and most recently, the terror attacks at both Brussels and Istanbul airports.…”