Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic tooth movement

Abstract

Orthodontic tooth movement requires extensive re-modelling of the periodontium. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade the extracellular matrix during re-modelling, while their activity is regulated by the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). The aim of this study was to investigate differences in MMP and TIMP levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) at the resorption and apposition sides of orthodontically moved teeth, and to compare these with control teeth. GCF samples were collected from eight orthodontic patients wearing fixed appliances with superelastic nickel-titanium coil springs. The samples were analysed by gelatin zymography, which allows detection of both active and latent MMPs, and reverse zymography for analysis of TIMPs. Western blotting was performed to confirm the identity of MMPs. The data were analysed using either the one-way analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test. In general, higher levels of MMPs and TIMPs were found at both the resorption and apposition sides compared with the control teeth. Remarkably, partially active MMP-1 was found in GCF from both the resorption and the apposition side but was barely present at the control teeth. TIMP-1 was strongly increased at the apposition side. Gelatinases were mainly present at the resorption side, while gelatinolytic fragments were exclusively detected at the apposition side. MMP-9, which is known to be involved in bone degradation, and a 48 kDa gelatinase were increased at the resorption side. The small increase in TIMP-1 at the resorption side might stimulate bone resorption, whereas the large increase at the apposition side reduces bone resorption. The analysis of MMPs and TIMPs may contribute to the improvement of orthodontic treatment regimens.

Biomarkers of Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Gingival Crevicular Fluid: A Systematic Review

“…Abdul Wahab et al, 51 Perinetti et al, 76 Serra et al, 44 Alfaqeeh 49 Ingman et al, 3 Ribagin and Rashkova 25 MMP-9 Grant et al, 86 Bildt et al 83 TIMP-1, TIMP-2 Grant et al, 86 Bildt et al 83 Bone biomarkers OPG Rody et al, 57 Tuncer et al, 81 Grant et al, 86 Barbieri et al, 69 Kawasaki et al, 40 Toygar et al, 93 Nishijima et al 39 …”

Levels of gingival crevicular fluid matrix metalloproteinases in periodontally compromised teeth under orthodontic forces

“…Gelatin zymography has also been used to detect active and latent MMPs in GCF samples collected after orthodontic movement. 24 Partially active MMP-1 was found in GCF in both tension and compression sites but was never detected in control teeth.…”

“…Our study examined treated periodontitis subjects under maintenance, while other authors [17][18][19]24 studied periodontally healthy individuals. However, using multiplex bead immunoassay we have also examined the effects of orthodontic forces on periodontally healthy teeth and found MMPs changes for the compression sites but not for the tension sites as a result of mechanical forces.…”

Reevaluation of the Strain Pressure Theory: Toward a Better Understanding the Biology of Tooth Movement

“…The authors concluded that after a regular orthodontic load osseous alveolar remodeling can´t be based on a simple but generally accepted model that resorption it's caused by compression and bone formation by tension. Bildt et al (2009) taking into account that Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade the extracellular matrix during re-modelling, while their activity is regulated by the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), made a study to find the differences in MMP and TIM levels in crevicular fluid corresponding to the bone resorption and apposition sides on orthodontically moved teeth and compare them to a control group. The sample was 8 patients with premolar extractionsapplying a 150 gf force to distalize the canine.…”