Matrix metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase responses to muscle damage after eccentric exercise

Abstract

High-intensity eccentric exercise is known to induce muscle damage leading to inflammatory responses and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. These degradation processes involve enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). MMPs are calcium and zinc-dependent proteolytic enzymes that play a role in ECM degradation and recruitment of inflammatory and myogenic cells into the damaged site. In contrast, TIMPs inhibit MMP-induced ECM degradation to maintain normal homeostasis in ECM. Recently, several studies have examined the process of muscle remodeling and the roles of ECM, MMPs, and TIMPs in exercise-induced muscle damage. However, the results of these studies are not inconsistent. In the present mini-review, we will discuss the responses of MMP and TIMP to eccentric exercise based on the literature review.

Effects of Resistance Training on Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity in Skeletal Muscles and Blood Circulation During Aging

“…Some limitations of the present study should be highlighted, such as the inability to analyze protein expression levels of MMP and inflammatory cytokines. In addition, the tissue inhibition of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) also modulates ECM remodeling, inhibiting the enzymatic functions of MMPs (Kim and Lee, 2016 ). The balance between MMPs and TIMPs must be well managed to optimize damage repair post exercise (Kim and Lee, 2016 ).…”

“…In addition, the tissue inhibition of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) also modulates ECM remodeling, inhibiting the enzymatic functions of MMPs (Kim and Lee, 2016 ). The balance between MMPs and TIMPs must be well managed to optimize damage repair post exercise (Kim and Lee, 2016 ). There is little evidence to illuminate the relationship between MMPs and TIMPs in response to RT.…”

The Effect of Maximal Exercise on Matrix Metalloproteinase, its Inhibitor (MMP9 and TIMP1), and the Role of MMP9 -1562 C/T and TIMP1 372 T/C Polymorphisms

“…MMPs have critical roles in degrading ECM components [2]. Among the 23 different MMPs found in humans [3], MMP2 and MMP9 have vital roles in ECM remodelling and muscle regeneration, and they are also involved in in ammatory reactions [4]. Because of pathological conditions in remodelling process MMP9 activity also associated with certain disease and many studies have been conducted investigating these relationships [5,6].…”

“…MMPs interact with TIMPS by forming 1:1 complexes [8]. Balance in the operation of MMPs and TIMPs is required for ECM function [4], especially after situations that can cause damage, such as acute exercise.…”

Plasma MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TGF-β1 Responses to Exercise-Induced Muscle Injury

“…Taken together, eccentric-exercise-induced muscle injury increases the expression levels of MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TGF-β1, with excessive increases of TGF-β1 levels particularly involved in the formation of scar tissue, which has a high possibility of delaying strength recovery. While most studies focused on investigating time-dependent changes in MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TGF-β1 levels after eccentric muscle contraction in both human and animal models [16,17], studies that examined how variations in these protein levels are related to strength recovery are still limited. In this study, we examined the relationships of MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TGF-β1 levels with strength recovery after eccentric exercise in humans.…”