Matrix metalloproteinase 3 as a valuable marker for patients with COVID‐19

Abstract

The situation of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) continues to evolve, our study explored the significance of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) as a marker for patients with COVID‐19. Sixty‐two COVID‐19 patients in the First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine and Loudi Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, from January to March 2020, were sampled as the novel coronavirus pneumonia infected group. One hundred and thirty‐one cases from the First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, including 67 healthy individuals and 64 non‐COVID‐19 inpatients, served as the noninfected group. Approximately every 5 days, sera from 20 cases were collected and analyzed three times, using an automatic biochemical analyzer, to detect serum MMP3 concentrations. Correlation was analyzed between MMP3 and other proinflammatory cytokines. Following normality tests, differences in serum MMP3 levels between the infected and noninfected group were analyzed via SPSS (version 25.0) software, using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. The MMP3 concentration was 44.44 (23.46 ~ 72.12) ng/mL in the infected group and 32.42 (28.16 ~ 41.21) ng/mL in the noninfected group. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( Z = −2.799, P = .005 < .05). A positive correlation was found between MMP3 and interleukin 1β (IL‐1β; r = .681, P = .000 < .05), and IL‐6 ( r = .529, P = .002 < .05). Serum MMP3 concentration, measured over three separate time points, were 55.98 (30.80 ~ 75.97) ng/mL, 34.84 (0.00 ~ 51.84) ng/mL, and 5.71 (0.00 ~ 40.46) ng/mL, respectively. Detection of serum MMP3 levels may play an important role in the development of therapeutic approaches for COVID‐19 and may indicate the severity of disease.

SARS-CoV-2 Infected Pediatric Cerebral Cortical Neurons: Transcriptomic Analysis and Potential Role of Toll-like Receptors in Pathogenesis

“…In particular, we found the upregulation of CXCL8 , CXCL10 , CCL2 , MMP3 , CCL5 , and PTGS2 encoding for IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, MMP3, RANTES and COX2, respectively ( Table 2 ). IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1 and MMP-3 serum levels were suggested as biomarkers for COVID-19 disease [ 73 , 74 , 75 ]. RANTES and COX-2 increased in SARS-CoV-2 infection [ 76 , 77 ].…”

Effect of BCG vaccination on proinflammatory responses in elderly individuals

“…MMPs are discharged during lung inflammation in the extracellular matrix that leads to elevated chemokines with inflammatory properties ( 30 ). Published studies clearly demonstrated that MMP-3 and MMP-9 were significantly elevated and also act as immune markers for inflammation in patients with COVID-19 ( 31 , 32 ). In this study, we demonstrate that almost all the estimated MMPs, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-12, and MMP-13, were significantly down-regulated at 1 month after vaccination when compared to baseline.…”

A case of coinfection of a pediatric patient with acute SARS-COV-2 with MIS-C and severe DENV-2 in Mexico: a case report

“…Neither COVID-19 nor DENV disease has been shown to cause coronary artery ectasia (CAE). Degradation of the medial arterial layer by activation of serine proteinase in addition to matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) in the arterial smooth muscle cells generates CAE [ 38 ]; a study by Shi et al [ 39 ] measured the levels of matrix metalloproteinase 3 in serum, comparing noninfected and infected patients with COVID-19, and found a significant difference in serum MMP3. Patients with COVID-19 have an increase in this enzyme, although a laboratory analysis of MMP3 in this case report was not available.…”