Matrix analysis to evaluate sustainability: The tropical tree Aquilaria crassna, a heavily poached source of agarwood

Zhang, Lixin; Brockelman, Warren Y.; Allen, Michael A.

doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.04.015

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Increased demand has stimulated price rises for all agarwood products, making them even more exclusive. This has led to an increase in product adulteration and substitution (Hashim et al 2016;Lias et al 2016) and more intense and illegal harvesting of wild stands and depletion of important natural agarwood resources (Soehartono and Newton 2002;Wyn and Anak 2010;Yin et al 2016;Zhang et al 2008). According to the IUCN Red List Criteria, seven Aquilaria species are classified as vulnerable (A. banaensis P.H.…”

Section: Assammentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The demand for and trade in agarwood continues today, and with increasing wealth in consumer countries over recent decades, demand exceeds supply (Barden et al 2000;Chakrabarty et al 1994;Compton and Ishihara 2006). This has resulted in increased prices (Wyn and Anak 2010), natural resource decline (Zhang et al 2008), reduction in product quality (Antonopoulou et al 2010), increasing interest in cultivation (Hoang Ha and Nghi 2011;Page and Awarau 2012;Persoon 2008;Rahman et al 2015), and developing methods for resin induction (Liu et al 2013;Mohamed et al 2014;Persoon 2008). We endeavor to put a historical context to the current interest in agarwood by reviewing its use and trade and examining the reasons for its high esteem and economic value.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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History of Use and Trade of Agarwood

López-Sampson

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2018

Econ Bot

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Aromatics originating from the resin-infused infected wood of the Aquilaria and Gyrinops genera have distinct and valued fragrances. Resin formation occurs as a response to internal injury and/or infections in the stems of the agarwood tree. The incenses and perfumes that are produced from agarwood have been valued for centuries and used by many cultures for spiritual, opulent, and aphrodisiac purposes. Agarwood is highly revered in the seminal texts of Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam. As early as 1400 B.C.E., agarwood was described as a fragrant product in Sanskrit texts, and in 65 B.C.E., Dioscorides detailed several medical applications for agarwood. Knowledge of human-induced agarwood formation was recorded in China as early as 300 C.E., where it was known that cutting into a tree would lead to a color change in its internal tissues within a year of the injury as a consequence of resin development. There is historical evidence of international trade in agarwood between the producing (tropical southeastern Asia) and consuming (Middle East, India, China, and Japan) regions of the world. Agarwood has been consumed primarily as incense with the burning of wood chips directly or as an important ingredient for powdered incense blends. The aromatic qualities of agarwood are influenced by the species and variety of the two genera, geographic location, its branch, trunk and root origin, length of time since infection, and methods of harvesting and processing. The subtle but numerous variations in agarwood properties led to the development of systems for product classification and description in several consumer countries. This paper reviews the uses and trade of agarwood and its social, political, and economic significance in human history.

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Section: Assammentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

History of Use and Trade of Agarwood

López-Sampson

Page

2018

Econ Bot

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“…Since researches nowadays are more focus on agarwood essential oil thus this work will assist in the selection of desired grade chip wood to produce the targeted oil grade. For example, hydro-distillation method needs 7 to 10 days and high energy for agarwood oil extraction and the quality only will be measured after extraction by mean of chemical constituent [34][35][36]. Briefly, this research will improve agarwood industry in term of time, energy and source.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Agarwood Compounds in Aquilaria malaccensis & Aquilaria Rostrata Chipwood by Using Solid Phase Microextraction

Ahmaed¹

2017

BJSTR

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“…Gubal gaharu merupakan produk yang umumnya dihasilkan dari tegakan jenis Aquilaria dan telah lama dikenal di Asia dan Timur Tengah (Zhang et al, 2008). Saat ini semua jenis Aquilaria masuk ke dalam Appendiks II Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) karena makin langkanya populasi di alam akibat tingginya volume perdagangan antar negara (CITES, 2009).…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

“…Penebangan total dilakukan apabila gubal gaharu telah cukup luas menyebar di seluruh bagian pohon (Wollenberg, 2001). Walau demikian, Zhang et al (2008) berpendapat bahwa panenan secara tidak terkontrol melalui penirisan/pengerikan batang akan menekan populasi gaharu di alam, karena akan meningkatkan kematian pohon menuju umur dewasa, memperlambat pertumbuhan tegakan atau menurunkan kemampuan pohon dewasa untuk menghasilkan buah.…”

Section: Periode 2004-sekarangunclassified

Rantai Pasokan Produk Tumbuhan Gaharu (Aquilaria spp.) asal Merauke, Papua

Semiadi¹,

Wiriadinata²,

Waluyo³

et al. 2016

BPN

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Papua is Claimed to Have High Production of Gaharu (Aquilaria spp.) that is Mainly Extracted from SwampAreas. However, it is still a polemic whether this claim is true and what is the real production level. Therefore, a field survey was conducted in Jayapura and Merauke (Papua) and Probolinggo (East Java) to unveil the actual condition of the gaharu production and its condition. Interviews were made with local forestry officers (BBKSDA) and local traders in Jayapura and Merauke, shipping companies, warehouse administrators and port administrators in Probolinggo, East Java as the final destination sea port. The results showed that the gaharu taken from swamp areas in the region of Merauke was proven by BBKSDA officials. In one year, the legal production of gaharu in the form of kamedangan reached 100 tons, while similar amount was thought to be slipped away in the illegal trades. Field survey in 2007 conducted by local BBKSDA officers in Asmat and Mappi districts showed a high production of gaharu in the form of wet kamedangan. Gaharu sea freighters at least carried 175 sacks/trip, with special freighters could carry up to 2.100 sacks/trip. The mean weight of each sack was between 58-90 kg with the mean water content ranged from 54-87.39%. Special quota criteria is required to be established on the basis of its quality for Merauke region to avoid problems on undervalue or misconception of the products and production level. Verification on the gaharu tree species originated from Papua region is also still needed.Keywords: Gaharu, Aquilaria spp., water contents Merauke, Papua. ABSTRAKPapua merupakan salah satu wilayah yang memiliki area produksi gaharu (Aquilaria spp.) yang sangat luas. Disinyalir produksi utama panenan gaharu dalam bentuk kamedangan di Merauke berasal dari daerah rawa. Namun informasi tersebut masih diragukan. Untuk itu dilakukan survei lapang ke Jayapura dan Merauke (Papua) dan Probolinggo (Jawa Timur) guna memahami kondisi sebenarnya tentang potensi gaharu. Responden yang diwawancari mencakup petugas BBKSDA dan pengumpul besar di Jayapura dan Merauke, perusahaan ekspedisi, petugas gudang pengumpulan dan administrator pelabuhan di Probolinggo. Hasil survei menunjukkan bahwa produksi utama panenan gaharu di Merauke yang berasal dari dalam rawa merupakan sisa produk tebangan masa lampau. Dalam satu tahun pengeluaran resmi gaharu dari wilayah BBKSDA Papua mencapai 100 ton. Sedangkan jumlah pengeluaran secara ilegal diperkirakan mencapai angka yang hampir sama. Hasil survei lapang ke Kabupaten Asmat dan Mappi yang dilakukan BKSDA seksi wilayah I Merauke pada tahun 2007 menunjukkan produksi kamedangan di kedua wilayah tersebut cukup tinggi. Satu kapal barang sedikitnya membawa 175 karung gaharu, sedangkan pada kapal khusus pengangkut gaharu dapat mencapai 2.100 karung. Produksi gaharu dari dua kabupaten tersebut seluruhnya diangkut lewat laut ke Probolinggo. Bobot per karung kamedangan maupun abuk gaharu mencapai 58-90 kg, dengan kandungan air 54-87,4%. Kriteria penetapan kuota asal Merauke p...

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Matrix analysis to evaluate sustainability: The tropical tree Aquilaria crassna, a heavily poached source of agarwood

Cited by 23 publications

References 30 publications

History of Use and Trade of Agarwood

History of Use and Trade of Agarwood

Investigation of Agarwood Compounds in Aquilaria malaccensis & Aquilaria Rostrata Chipwood by Using Solid Phase Microextraction

Rantai Pasokan Produk Tumbuhan Gaharu (Aquilaria spp.) asal Merauke, Papua

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