Mathematical Modeling of the Sodium/Iron Chloride Battery

Sudoh, Masao; Newman, John

doi:10.1149/1.2086571

Cited by 17 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 20 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Unlike Li-S batteries relying on liquid phase reaction, secondary batteries that have been successfully commercialized based on the precipitation-dissolution mechanism generally adopt electrolyte in which intermediates or products is only sparingly soluble, such as lead-acid [114] and Zebra [115] batteries. Through regulating the properties of the solvent molecules or the lithium salt concentration to optimize the electrolyte structure and minimizing the solubility of LiPSs, a new sparingly soluble "quasi-solid" electrochemical reaction pathway can be achieved.…”

Section: Electrolyte Engineering To Reduce Polysulfide Dissolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium–Sulfur Batteries under Lean Electrolyte Conditions: Challenges and Opportunities

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The development of energy‐storage devices has received increasing attention as a transformative technology to realize a low‐carbon economy and sustainable energy supply. Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are considered to be one of the most promising next‐generation energy‐storage devices due to their ultrahigh energy density. Despite the extraordinary progress in the last few years, the actual energy density of Li–S batteries is still far from satisfactory to meet the demand for practical applications. Considering the sulfur electrochemistry is highly dependent on solid‐liquid‐solid multi‐phase conversion, the electrolyte amount plays a primary role in the practical performances of Li–S cells. Therefore, a lean electrolyte volume with low electrolyte/sulfur ratio is essential for practical Li–S batteries, yet under these conditions it is highly challenging to achieve acceptable electrochemical performances regarding sulfur kinetics, discharge capacity, Coulombic efficiency, and cycling stability especially for high‐sulfur‐loading cathodes. In this Review, the impact of the electrolyte/sulfur ratio on the actual energy density and the economic cost of Li–S batteries is addressed. Challenges and recent progress are presented in terms of the sulfur electrochemical processes: the dissolution–precipitation conversion and the solid–solid multi‐phasic transition. Finally, prospects of future lean‐electrolyte Li–S battery design and engineering are discussed.

show abstract

Section: Electrolyte Engineering To Reduce Polysulfide Dissolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium–Sulfur Batteries under Lean Electrolyte Conditions: Challenges and Opportunities

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The variation of the Bragg reflection intensities of Na 6 FeCl 8 with position of the battery further highlights a peak in the amount of the sodium iron chloride phase close to the reaction front similar to the effect observed for NaAlCl 4 . 14,20,21 Comparing the intensities versus position ( Figure 6) indicates that the amount of Na 6 FeCl 8 is about 20-30% higher close to the reaction front (x = 10-14 mm) than toward the center of the battery (x = 5-10 mm).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatially Resolved Phase Analysis in Sodium Metal Halide Batteries: Neutron Diffraction and Tomography

Hofmann

Gilles

Gao

et al. 2012

J. Electrochem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Neutron methods are powerful tools for non-destructive investigation of batteries. Taking as an example the case study of a Fe/NaCl based battery, we investigate a discharged and a half-charged battery using spatially resolved neutron tomography and powder diffraction. Both batteries, the discharged and the half-charged, were studied by neutron tomography to identify the inner structure of the cells. The analysis of the neutron diffraction data allowed identification and quantification of the reaction zones as well as the phase distribution across the cross section of the half-charged battery.Usually, a battery must be cut open to be characterized and to understand what actually takes place, both chemically and morphologically, inside the battery during operation. This is not only destructive and time-consuming, but the materials and their morphology can also be altered during cutting and exposure to air and moisture. Insight into the detailed microstructure and chemistry within a battery is a key to understanding processes in the battery. Consequently, power and energy densities could be improved and degradation mitigated. It is therefore highly desirable to study the phase distributions and electrochemical processes directly inside a battery without opening it. Neutron and high energy X-ray synchrotron radiation, with their unique penetrating power are ideal probes to study electrochemical processes non-destructively inside a battery. Neutron radiation is particularly suited to study battery materials because of its good scattering contrast for lighter elements when compared to X-rays.Neutron tomography 1 and in particular neutron diffraction allow one to identify and study the cell constituents and their distribution within a battery with high resolution, eventually even under operational conditions. For instance, it was shown that with neutron diffraction it is possible to investigate the cell chemistry in-situ during charge and discharge in conventional Li-batteries 2,3 and in alkaline batteries. 4,5 However, in all these studies no spatial-resolved information was obtained as the complete battery was always immersed in the neutron beam. Additional information is gained when one probes the spatial variation of electrochemical processes within batteries nondestructively with neutron diffraction. Here the complex chemistry within sodium metal halide batteries was chosen as a case study to show the power of spatially resolved neutron scattering for battery research.Sodium metal halide batteries e.g. 6-8 use sodium chloride and metal (Ni or Fe) as the cathode material. The electrolyte and the separator is β -alumina 9 which conducts Na + ions but is an electronic insulator. The operating temperature of this type of batteries is between 270-350 • C. These types of batteries were first introduced in the late 1980's as they combine several advantages for battery applications, such as a high energy density, long cycle life, insensitivity to external temperature, and tolerance to short circuits. This comes in additio...

show abstract

“…Anders als wiederaufladbare Li-S-Flüssigbatterien enthalten erfolgreich kommerzialisierte Akkumulatoren wie der Blei-Säure-Akku [114] und die Zebra-Batterie, [115] die nach dem Lçse-Abscheide-Mechanismus funktionieren, Elektrolyte mit kaum lçslichen Zwischen-oder Endprodukten. Wenn es mçglich wäre, durch das Lçsungsmittel oder durch die Lithiumsalz-Konzentration die Elektrolytstruktur zu verbessern und die LiPS-Lçslichkeit so stark wie mçglich zu verringern, kçnnte das zu einem "Quasi-Festkçrper"-Reaktionsweg führen.…”

Section: Polysulfide Durch Elektrolyt-engineering Weniger Lçslich Machenunclassified

Lithium‐Schwefel‐Batterien mit Magerelektrolyt: Herausforderungen und Perspektiven

Zhao

Peng

et al. 2020

Angewandte Chemie

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Energiespeicher finden als wichtige Transformationstechnologie zur kohlenstoffarmen Wirtschaft und nachhaltigen Energieversorgung große Beachtung. Außerordentlich vielversprechend ist hierbei die Lithium‐Schwefel‐Batterie aufgrund ihrer hohen theoretischen Energiedichte. Trotz immenser Fortschritte in den vergangenen Jahren liegt ihre tatsächliche Energiedichte jedoch noch weit unterhalb einer Praxistauglichkeit. Da die Elektrochemie des Schwefels stark von einer Fest/flüssig/fest‐Phasenumwandlung abhängt, spielt die Menge des Elektrolyten für die praktisch erreichbare Leistungsfähigkeit von Li‐S‐Zellen eine wesentliche Rolle. Um den Vorteil der hohen Energiedichte nutzen zu können, muss die Li‐S‐Batterie ein möglichst kleines Elektrolytvolumen mit niedrigem Elektrolyt/Schwefel‐Verhältnis aufweisen. Unter solchen Bedingungen lässt sich eine akzeptable elektrochemische Leistung in Kinetik, Entladekapazität, Coulomb‐Wirkungsgrad und Zyklenfestigkeit jedoch nur sehr schwer erreichen, insbesondere wenn die Kathode einen hohen Schwefelgehalt aufweisen soll. In diesem Aufsatz wird dargestellt, welchen Einfluss das Elektrolyt/Schwefel‐Verhältnis auf die erreichbare Energiedichte und Kosten von Li‐S‐Batterien hat. Für beide elektrochemische Prozesse des Schwefels, Löse‐Abscheide‐ und Festphasenumwandlung, werden Herausforderungen und neueste Entwicklungen beschrieben. Abschließend werden Perspektiven in der Entwicklung von zukünftigen Li‐S‐Magerelektrolyt‐Batterien vorgestellt.

show abstract

Mathematical Modeling of the Sodium/Iron Chloride Battery

Cited by 17 publications

References 20 publications

Lithium–Sulfur Batteries under Lean Electrolyte Conditions: Challenges and Opportunities

Lithium–Sulfur Batteries under Lean Electrolyte Conditions: Challenges and Opportunities

Spatially Resolved Phase Analysis in Sodium Metal Halide Batteries: Neutron Diffraction and Tomography

Lithium‐Schwefel‐Batterien mit Magerelektrolyt: Herausforderungen und Perspektiven

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About