Maternal vitamin D biomarkers are associated with maternal and fetal bone turnover among pregnant women consuming controlled amounts of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus

Abstract

Vitamin D plays a central role in calcium homeostasis; however, its relationship with bone turnover during pregnancy remains unclear due to a lack of studies that have rigorously controlled for other nutrients known to influence bone metabolism. Similarly, prior investigations of the effect of pregnancy on bone turnover relative to the nonpregnant state may have been confounded by varying intakes of these nutrients. Nested within a controlled intake study, the present investigation sought to quantify associations between maternal vitamin D biomarkers and biochemical markers of bone turnover among pregnant (versus nonpregnant) women and their fetuses under conditions of equivalent and adequate intakes of vitamin D and related nutrients. Changes in markers of bone turnover across the third trimester were also examined. Healthy pregnant (26–29 wk gestation; n=26) and nonpregnant (n=21) women consumed 511IU vitamin D/d, 1.6g calcium/d, and 1.9g phosphorus/d for 10 weeks while participating in a controlled feeding study featuring two choline doses. Based on linear mixed models adjusted for influential covariates (e.g., BMI, ethnicity, and season), pregnant women had 50–150% higher (P<0.001) concentrations of bone resorption markers than nonpregnant women. Among pregnant women, increases in maternal 25(OH)D across the study period were associated (P<0.020) with lower osteocalcin and deoxypyridinoline at study-end, and higher fetal osteocalcin. In addition, maternal free 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D, and 24,25(OH)2D tended to be negatively associated (P≤0.063) with maternal NTx at study-end, and maternal free 25(OH)D and 24,25(OH)2D were positively associated (P≤0.021) with fetal CTx. Similarly, maternal 3-epi-25(OH)D3 was negatively related (P≤0.037) to maternal NTx and deoxypyridinoline at study-end. These declines in bone resorption markers resulting from higher vitamin D biomarker concentrations among pregnant women coincided with increases in their albumin-corrected serum calcium concentrations, indicating that calcium transfer to the fetus was uncompromised. Notably, none of these associations achieved statistical significance among nonpregnant women. Overall, our study findings suggest that achieving higher maternal concentrations of vitamin D biomarkers might attenuate third-trimester bone resorption while ensuring sufficient calcium delivery to the fetus.

Maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes in the Chinese population: A prospective cohort study

“…Our study showed a corresponding increase in the serum 25(OH)D and cord blood 25(OH)D levels with increasing use of vitD-calcium cosupplementation in pregnant women from Liuzhou. Our findings were further supported by Park et al[ 37 ], who found that there are higher maternal concentrations of vitD biomarkers in pregnant women who simultaneously supplement vitD and calcium in their third trimester to ensure sufficient calcium delivery to the fetus. As vitD deficiency is a common problem in both pregnant women and infants, our study highlights the positive effect of vitD-calcium cosupplementation during pregnancy on both the maternal and neonatal vitD levels.…”

Vitamin D in pediatric age: consensus of the Italian Pediatric Society and the Italian Society of Preventive and Social Pediatrics, jointly with the Italian Federation of Pediatricians

“…Increasing scientific evidence suggests that hypovitaminosis D in the mother may have an impact on both maternal and child health. Reduced 25(OH)D levels during pregnancy and breastfeeding may affect maternal bone turnover [ 501 ]. Moreover, maternal vitamin D deficiency has been associated with increased risk of several obstetrics diseases (spontaneous pregnancy loss, preterm and/or small-for-gestational age birth, gestational diabetes pre-eclampsia) [ 502 – 506 ].…”

Vitamin D binding protein rs7041 genotype alters vitamin D metabolism in pregnant women

“…Fetal cord blood samples (n = 23) were collected at delivery into EDTA-coated tubes and processed accordingly. Two placentas and 3 cord blood samples were not obtained because 2 participants gave birth at home, and 1 participant gave birth without notifying the research team (11)(12)(13).…”

“…Osteocalcin (OC) was measured in cord plasma obtained at delivery using an ELISA kit (Bio-Techne) (12).…”